Changes in the anatomical structure of the shoot apex ofSenecio vulgaris L. during ontogenis in relation to the formation of leaves and inflorescence

An investigation was made of the anatomical structure of the shoot apex ofSenecio vulgaris L. a photoperiodically neutral plant, and compared with the formation of successive leaf primordia along the axis up to the initiation of the terminal inflorescence. In the shoot apex of a germinating plant a central zone can first be distinguished from the peripheral zone which is composed of small and intensely stained cells. Later, a rib meristem appears. At the time of the initiation of the middle (the largest) leaves, the shoot apex has a distinct small central zone and a well developed peripheral zone and rib meristem. Between these zones there is a group of cells dividing in all directions, the subcentral zone. At the time of initiation of the last leaves, the central zone extends to the flanks and gradually ceases to be distinguishable. At the same time, the subcentral zone increases in size. This is caused first by cell division and later, with the initiation of the last, most reduced leaves, by enlargement of the cells. Vacuolization in the inner part of the apex and the arrangement of the superficial cells in rows parallel to the surface of the apex, is a preparatory step to the initiation of the inflorescence.     

粘虫的血糖代谢

本文通过纸上层析和化学方法,研究了粘虫在蛹化前后各虫期血淋巴液中的总糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖和血淋巴的还原值,并与蓖麻蚕进行了比较。此外,还测定了血淋巴海藻糖酶的活性变化。结果表明:1)在蛹化前后血淋巴液中的总糖与海藻糖,自末龄幼虫进食以后开始大量积累,到幼虫老熟时达最高。在幼虫蜕皮和停食化蛹过程,血糖含量明显地减少。雌体含量均高于雄体。血淋巴液中的糖量变化与粘虫的生长发育有密切关系。2)和蓖麻蚕相似,在蜕皮和停食以后的化蛹过程,血淋巴中的还原值显著增加,这种增加主要是由于葡萄糖、核糖以及其它还原物质的出现或数量的增加所引起。3)末龄幼虫血淋巴液中的总糖及海藻糖的百分比含量,均比同虫期的蓖麻蚕的含量低2—5倍。粘虫幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖量只占总糖的66.3%—94%,而蓖麻蚕则为98%—100%。4)幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖酶活力与家蚕、蓖麻蚕的相同,均在进食期间无活力表现或活力极低;在幼虫蜕皮和化蛹过程则明显出现活力。5)血淋巴液中的糖量变化与海藻糖酶活力变化有明显的负相关。文中还分析和讨论了粘虫血糖代谢的特点以及各种糖类物质在生长发育中的作用。     

Why do males of the dance flyEmpis borealis refuse to mate? The importance of female age and size

Empis borealisfemales form swarms, and males carrying a nuptial gift come to swarms to mate. Males either mated with one of the females (accepted swarms) or left swarms without mating (refused swarms). Males mated with the younger (low wing-wear) and relatively larger females in accepted swarms. They seemed to be able to judge the relative size of the females but to ignore their absolute size. Visiting males stayed shorter in accepted swarms as female size variation increased. This probably reflects their greater ease in choosing a mate among females of relatively different sizes. Females in accepted swarms tended to be larger and to have less worn wings than females in rejected swarms.     

叶刺瘿螨亚科一新属三新种：真螨目：瘿螨科

新属为新诺尔瘿螨属Neoknorella Kuang et Feng,gen.nov.三新种是竹新诺尔瘿螨Neoknorella bambusae sp.nov.,竹裂柄瘿螨 Dichopelmus bambusae sp.nov.和樟无伪足瘿Anothopoda cinnamomi sp.nov.,它们均营自由生活。     

谷氨酸钠兴奋尾侧导水管周围灰质腹外侧部的升压反应及其在脑干内的传出通路

实验用乌拉坦麻醉、箭毒化、人工呼吸的大鼠,观察到:(1) 胞体兴奋剂L-谷氨酸钠(Glu)注入尾侧导水管周围灰质腹外侧部(PAG)引起明显的加压反应,(2) 该效应可被双侧延髓头端腹外侧(RVL)加压区内注射酚妥拉明或心得安衰减,但不受阿托品注入RVL影响;表明此升压反应是通过RVL及其内的α-及β-受体实现的。(3) RVL内注入心得安也可衰减电刺激腹侧臂旁核(NPV)的加压作用,却不影响Glu注入NPV的升压效应;结合以往的实验结果,提示尾侧PAG腹外侧部的神经元发出的轴突,可能一方面路过臂旁核直接作用于RVL内的β-受体,另一方面可能在臂旁核内换元,然后作用于RVL内的α-受体,而起升压作用。     

洪湖野菰及其化学成分分析

野菰(Zizania latifolia)是湖北省洪湖中优势水生维管束植物,其群落占全湖355平方公里面积的127平方公里。茎和叶的年生物量为4379克鲜重/平方米,全湖总年产量121700吨干重,目前未被利用。野菰各器官的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别以百分干重表示:根,7.0和4.76;根状茎,11.3和8.85;茎,9.5和7.15;嫩茎梢,22.4和16.53;叶,16.8和14.61。500克干叶的必需氨基酸含量接近100克干重草鱼幼鱼背肌的必需氨基酸含量。脂肪:叶中3.4～4.2,茎中2.2;粗纤维:叶中26.8～28,茎中24.2;灰分:叶中10.0,茎中5.8。菰茎含可溶性糖类30％以上,其中葡萄糖,果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖是主要成分。结果表明野菰是一种优质饲料。     

Qualitative importance of the microbial loop and plankton community structure in a eutrophic lake during a bloom of cyanobacteria

Plankton community structure and major pools and fluxes of carbon were observed before and after culmination of a bloom of cyanobacteria in eutrophic Frederiksborg Slotssø, Denmark. Biomass changes of heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliates, microzooplankton (50 to 140 μm), and macrozooplankton (larger than 140 μm) were compared to phytoplankton and bacterial production as well as micro- and macrozooplankton ingestion rates of phytoplankton and bacteria. The carbon budget was used as a means to examine causal relationships in the plankton community. Phytoplankton biomass decreased and algae smaller than 20 μm replacedAphanizomenon after the culmination of cyanobacteria. Bacterial net production peaked shortly after the culmination of the bloom (510 μg C liter^?1 d^?1 and decreased thereafter to a level of approximately 124 μg C liter^?1 d^?1. Phytoplankton extracellular release of organic carbon accounted for only 4–9% of bacterial carbon demand. Cyclopoid copepods and small-sized cladocerans started to grow after the culmination, but food limitation probably controlled the biomass after the collapse of the bloom. Grazing of micro- and macrozooplankton were estimated from in situ experiments using labeled bacteria and algae. Macrozooplankton grazed 22% of bacterial net production during the bloom and 86% after the bloom, while microzooplankton (nauplii, rotifers and ciliates larger than 50 μm) ingested low amounts of bacteria and removed 10–16% of bacterial carbon. Both macro-and microzooplankton grazed algae smaller than 20 μm, although they did not control algal biomass. From calculated clearance rates it was found that heterotrophic nanoflagellates (40–440 ml^?1) grazed 3–4% of the bacterial production, while ciliates smaller than 50 μm removed 19–39% of bacterial production, supporting the idea that ciliates are an important link between bacteria and higher trophic levels. During and after the bloom ofAphanizomenon, major fluxes of carbon between bacteria, ciliates and crustaceans were observed, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates played a minor role in the pelagic food web.     

双胸蚓纤溶酶的纯化及性质

 用硫酸铵分段盐析、超滤膜分级分离及DEAE-纤维素、Sephadex A-25和Sephadex G-50三种柱层析方法从双胸蚓组织的粗提取液中分离纯化出一种纤溶酶,分子量为29kD,由一条肽链组成。此晦具有强烈的溶解纤维蛋白的作用,对家兎实验性血凝块也具有明显的溶解作用。此酶的最适pH为8.0,在pH7.6～8.4之间活力相差不到2％;酶在PH4.7—11.0范围内稳定;酶作用的最适温度为57℃;此酶热稳定性较好,于25～50℃保温3小时,酶活力基本不变,60℃时,活力保留65％。金属离子Na~(+)、K~(+)、Mg~(2+)等可提高此酶的活力,而Hg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)等金属离子对此酶有不同程度的抑制作用。