全文获取类型
收费全文 | 93篇 |
免费 | 9篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2016年 | 2篇 |
2015年 | 1篇 |
2014年 | 4篇 |
2013年 | 3篇 |
2012年 | 2篇 |
2011年 | 5篇 |
2010年 | 1篇 |
2008年 | 1篇 |
2007年 | 4篇 |
2006年 | 5篇 |
2005年 | 1篇 |
2004年 | 7篇 |
2003年 | 2篇 |
2002年 | 4篇 |
2001年 | 3篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
1949年 | 2篇 |
1948年 | 2篇 |
1947年 | 1篇 |
1946年 | 3篇 |
1928年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有102条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Everard J. Edwards David G. Benham† Louise A. Marland Alastair H. Fitter 《Global Change Biology》2004,10(2):209-227
Accurate knowledge of the response of root turnover to a changing climate is needed to predict growth and produce carbon cycle models. A soil warming system and shading were used to vary soil temperature and received radiation independently in a temperate grassland dominated by Holcus lanatus L. Minirhizotrons allowed root growth and turnover to be examined non‐destructively. In two short‐term (8 week) experiments, root responses to temperature were seasonally distinct. Root number increased when heating was applied during spring, but root death increased during autumnal heating. An experiment lasting 12 months demonstrated that any positive response to temperature was short‐lived and that over a full growing season, soil warming led to a reduction in root number and mass due to increased root death during autumn and winter. Root respiration was also insensitive to soil temperature over much of the year. In contrast, root growth was strongly affected by incident radiation. Root biomass, length, birth rate, number and turnover were all reduced by shading. Photosynthesis in H. lanatus exhibited some acclimation to shading, but assimilation rates at growth irradiance were still lower in shaded plants. The negative effects of shading and soil warming on roots were additive. Comparison of root data with environmental measurements demonstrated a number of positive relationships with photosynthetically active radiation, but not with soil temperature. This was true both across the entire data set and within a shade treatment. These results demonstrate that root growth is unlikely to be directly affected by increased soil temperatures as a result of global warming, at least in temperate areas, and that predictions of net primary productivity should not be based on a positive root growth response to temperature. 相似文献
22.
23.
JB Parentes-Vieira PV Lopes-Costa CG Pires AR dos Santos JD Pereira-Filho BB da Silva 《International Seminars in Surgical Oncology : ISSO》2007,4(1):22
Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis according to CD34 antigen expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and negative breast carcinomas.Methods
This study comprised 64 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma in postmenopausal women divided into two groups: Group A: ER-positive, n = 35; and Group B: ER-negative, n = 29. The anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody was used as a marker for endothelial cells. Microvessel count was carried out in 10 fields per slide using a 40× objective lens (magnification 400×). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test (p < 0.05).Results
The mean number of vessels stained with the anti-CD34 antibody in the estrogen receptor-positive and negative tumors was 23.51 ± 1.15 and 40.24 ± 0.42, respectively. The number of microvessels was significantly greater in the estrogen receptor-negative tumors (p < 0.001).Conclusion
ER-negative tumors have significantly greater CD34 antigen expression compared to ER-positive tumors.24.
Teng YK Verburg RJ Verpoort KN Diepenhorst GM Bajema IM van Tol MJ Jol-van der Zijde EC Toes RE Huizinga TW van Laar JM 《Arthritis research & therapy》2007,9(5):R106
In order to identify pathogenic correlates of refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA), antibodies against anti-cyclic citrullinated
protein (ACPAs) were investigated in RA patients in whom the dysregulated immune system had been ablated by high-dose chemotherapy
(HDC) and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Six patients with refractory RA were extensively characterized
in terms of levels of total immunoglobulins, RA-specific autoantibodies (ACPAs and rheumatoid factor) and antibodies against
rubella, tetanus toxoid (TT) and phosphorylcholine before and after HDC plus HSCT. Additionally, the avidity of ACPAs was
measured before and after treatment and compared with the avidity of TT antibodies following repeated immunizations. Synovial
biopsies were obtained by arthroscopy before HDC plus HSCT, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In the three patients with
clinically long-lasting responses to HDC plus HSCT (median 423 days), significant reductions in ACPA-IgG levels after therapy
were observed (median level dropped from 215 to 34 arbitrary units/ml; P = 0.05). In contrast, stable ACPA-IgG levels were observed in three patients who relapsed shortly after HDC plus HSCT (median
of 67 days). Clinical responders had ACPA-IgG of lower avidity (r = 0.75; P = 0.08) and higher degree of inflammation histologically (r = 0.73; P = 0.09). Relapse (after 38 to 530 days) in all patients was preceded by rising levels of low avidity ACPA-IgG (after 30 to
388 days), in contrast to the stable titres of high avidity TT antibodies. In conclusion, humoral autoimmune responses were
differentially modulated by immunoablative therapy in patients with synovial inflammation and low avidity ACPA-IgG autoantibodies
as compared with patients with high levels of high avidity ACPA-IgG. The distinct clinical disease course after immunoablative
therapy based on levels and avidity of ACPA-IgG indicates that refractory RA is not a single disease entity. 相似文献
25.
26.
High-throughput approaches are beginning to have an impact on many areas of yeast biology. Two recent studies, using different experimental platforms, provide insight into new pathways involved in the response of yeast to DNA damage. 相似文献
27.
The tomato Cf-9 disease resistance gene functions in tobacco and potato to confer responsiveness to the fungal avirulence gene product avr 9 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12 下载免费PDF全文
The Cf-9 gene encodes an extracytoplasmic leucine-rich repeat protein that confers resistance in tomato to races of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum that express the corresponding avirulence gene Avr 9. We investigated whether the genomic Cf-9 gene functions in potato and tobacco. Transgenic tobacco and potato plants carrying Cf-9 exhibit a rapid hypersensitive cell death response (HR) to Avr 9 peptide injection. Cf 9 tobacco plants were reciprocally crossed to Avr 9-producing tobacco. A developmentally regulated seedling lethal phenotype occurred in F1 progeny when Cf9 was used as the male parent and Avr 9 as the female parent. However, when Cf9 was inherited in the maternal tissue and a heterozygous Avr 9 plant was used as the pollen donor, a much earlier reaction was caused, leading to no germination of any F1 seed. Detailed analysis of the Avr 9-induced responses in Cf 9 tobacco leaves revealed that (1) most mesophyll cells died within 3 hr (compared with 12 to 16 hr in tomato); (2) the macroscopic HR was visible at an Avr 9 titer five times lower than that which caused visible symptoms in tomato; (3) the HR invariably extended into noninjected panels of the tobacco leaf; (4) no HR occurred in leaves of young tobacco plants; (5) in older plants, the HR was dramatically enhanced by sequential Avr 9 challenges; and (6) coexpression of a salicylate hydroxylase transgene (nahG) from Pseudomonas putida reduced the severity of the macroscopic leaf HR and also restored germination to Cf 9 x 35S:Avr 9 F1 seedlings. Simultaneous introduction of Cf-9 homologs (Hcr 9-9 genes A and B or D) along with the native Cf-9 gene did not alter the responses that were specifically induced by Avr 9. Various ways to use the Cf-9-Avr 9 gene combination to engineer broad-spectrum disease resistance in several solanaceous species are discussed. 相似文献
28.
29.
We describe here a simple, general procedure for the purification of a variety of lectins, and for the preparation of lectin-ferritin conjugates of defined molar composition and binding properties to be used as probes for cell surface saccharides. The technique uses a “universal” affinity column for lectins and their conjugates, which consists of hog sulfated gastric mucin glycopeptides covalently coupled to agarose. The procedure involes: (a) purification of lectins by chromatography of aqueous extracts of seeds or other lectin-containing fluids over the affinity column, followed by desorption of the desired lectin with its hapten suge; (b) iodination of the lectin to serve as a marker during subsequent steps; (c) conjugation of lectin to ferritin with glutaraldehyde; (d) collection of active lectin-ferritin conjugates by affinity chromatography; and (e) separation of monomeric lectin-ferritin conjugates from larger aggregates and unconjugated lectin by gel chromatography. Based on radioactivity and absorbancy at 310 nm for lectin and ferritin, respectively, the conjugates consist of one to two molecules of lectin per ferrritin molecule. Binding studies of native lectins and their ferritin conjugates to dispersed pancreatic acinar cells showed that the conjugation procedure does not significantly alter either the affinity constant of the lectin for its receptor on the cell surface or the number of sites detected. 相似文献
30.
Everard H. Hughes Herman A. J. Schut Snorri S. Thorgeirsson 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1982,18(2):157-164
Summary
α-Fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, and transferrin production by two rat hepatoma cell lines, McA-RH 7777 (7777) and McA-RH 8994
(8994), was determined after treatment with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA, 2 to 6 mM). Radioimmunoassays were used to determine the levels of both secreted and intracellular AFP, albumin, and transferrin. Line
7777 normally produces large quantities of AFP and small quantities of albumin, thus resembling the less differentiated fetal
liver with respect to the synthesis of these two proteins. Line 8994 normally produces small quantities of AFP and relatively
larger amounts of albumin, thus resembling hepatic functions characteristic of a more differentiated state.
After treatment with HMBA for a period of 28 to 96 h a threefold increase in AFP secretion by 7777 and a dose related increase
in AFP, albumin, and transferrin secretion by 8994 were observed. In contrast, the secretion of albumin and transferrin in
7777 was inhibited by 60 and 40%, respectively, following treatment with HMBA.
The intracellular concentrations of AFP in 7777 and AFP, albumin, and transferrin in 8994 were increased by treatment with
HMBA indicating that HMBA is able to stimulate the synthesis of these proteins. The intracellular concentration of AFP, albumin,
and transferrin in 7777, when expressed as a percentage of the extracellular concentration of these proteins, did not change
significantly during HMBA treatment, indicating that the observed decrease in secreted albumin and transferrin by 7777 is
due to decreased synthesis. Similarly, in Line 8994, when the intracellular concentration of the three proteins was expressed
as percentage of the extracellular concentration, the only significant change observed was an increase in AFP after 72 h of
HMBA (5 mM) treatment. The observed changes in the synthesis of AFP, albumin, and transferrin in both 7777 and 8994 after HMBA treatment
were reversible, as judged by the return to control values upon removal of HMBA from the culture medium. Thus, HMBA stimulates
synthesis of the oncofetal protein AFP, a result that appears to be independent of the stage of differentiation of the cell.
However, its effect on the synthesis of albumin and transferrin are opposite in the two cell lines, suggesting that the regulation
of the synthesis of these two proteins is controlled by factors or conditions that are dependent upon the stage of differentiation
of the hepatoma cell lines. 相似文献