Human papillomavirus seroprevalence in pregnant women following gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination programs in Finland: A cross-sectional cohort analysis following a cluster randomized trial

BackgroundCervical cancer elimination through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs requires the attainment of herd effect. Due to its uniquely high basic reproduction number, the vaccination coverage required to achieve herd effect against HPV type 16 exceeds what is attainable in most populations. We have compared how gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination strategies create herd effect against HPV16 under moderate vaccination coverage achieved in a population-based, community-randomized trial.Methods and findingsIn 2007–2010, the 1992–1995 birth cohorts of 33 Finnish communities were randomized to receive gender-neutral HPV vaccination (Arm A), girls-only HPV vaccination (Arm B), or no HPV vaccination (Arm C) (11 communities per trial arm). HPV16/18/31/33/35/45 seroprevalence differences between the pre-vaccination era (2005–2010) and post-vaccination era (2011–2016) were compared between all 8,022 unvaccinated women <23 years old and resident in the 33 communities during 2005–2016 (2,657, 2,691, and 2,674 in Arms A, B, and C, respectively). Post- versus pre-vaccination-era HPV seroprevalence ratios (PRs) were compared by arm. Possible outcome misclassification was quantified via probabilistic bias analysis. An HPV16 and HPV18 seroprevalence reduction was observed post-vaccination in the gender-neutral vaccination arm in the entire study population (PR₁₆ = 0.64, 95% CI 0.10–0.85; PR₁₈ = 0.72, 95% CI 0.22–0.96) and for HPV16 also in the herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive core group (PR₁₆ = 0.64, 95% CI 0.50–0.81). Observed reductions in HPV31/33/35/45 seroprevalence (PR_31/33/35/45 = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.97) were replicated in Arm C (PR_31/33/35/45 = 0.79, 95% CI 0.69–0.90).ConclusionsIn this study we only observed herd effect against HPV16/18 after gender-neutral vaccination with moderate vaccination coverage. With only moderate vaccination coverage, a gender-neutral vaccination strategy can facilitate the control of even HPV16. Our findings may have limited transportability to other vaccination coverage levels.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov number {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00534638","term_id":"NCT00534638"}}NCT00534638, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00534638","term_id":"NCT00534638"}}NCT00534638.     

Impacts of plant invasions can be reversed through restoration: a regional meta-analysis of faunal communities

We quantified the effects of invasive Phragmites australis on estuarine faunal communities using meta-analysis to compare invaded to uninvaded marshes and then evaluated whether ecological restoration could reverse those effects. Relative to uninvaded marshes, the quantity and condition of fauna in invaded marshes was significantly poorer. We detected negative impacts to fauna residing in the mid-Atlantic but not in New England and to fauna utilizing the marsh surface but not to those inhabiting tidal creeks. By taxonomic group, we found that the invasion negatively affected nekton but not invertebrates. Both adult and sub-adult nekton were adversely affected, although the magnitude of the effect on the sub-adults was four times greater than that for adults. Our results indicate that negative effects on fauna within the mid-Atlantic region largely drove the overall results. When restored marshes were compared to uninvaded marshes there were no significant differences across all metrics assessed, suggesting that the negative impacts of the invasion were reversed. A separate qualitative review of trophic data indicated that benthic microalgae and dominant vascular plants are important primary producers at the base of the food web in uninvaded, invaded, and restored salt marshes but the overall quantity and importance of microalgae to diet decreased in highly invaded systems due to decreased light, potentially reducing energy availability. Our analyses revealed that while estuarine communities are adversely affected by P. australis, impacts vary by region, habitat, taxonomic group, and life history stage and that restoration can reverse long-term effects over relatively short time scales.     

Solitary hypothalamic neurons inherently express vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase

Hypothalamic neurons were grown as single cells in three-dimensional culture. Solitary neurons lacking cell contacts were immunocytochemically examined for inherent expression of vasopressin (VP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Immunoreactive VP and TH were detected within a day. Sixty to eighty-five percent of neurons displayed homogeneously distributed reaction product for VP or TH. One percent exhibited intense punctate staining of somas and varicosities. Few neurons stained for LHRH. Results indicate that hypothalamic neurons can express appropriate neuropeptides and transmitter-specific products without contacting other neurons or nonneuronal cells. Thus, this culture system may provide a useful model to study intrinsic neuronal processes.     

Construction of a Physiologically Active Photoaffinity Probe Based on the Structure of Bradykinin: Labelling of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme but Not Candidate Bradykinin Receptors on NG108–15 Cells

The peptides bradykinin and kallidin are released in response to noxious stimuli and mediate various physiological effects, including a direct stimulation of nociceptive afferent neurones. The nature of the receptor molecules through which these ligands act is presently unknown. We synthesised an iodinatable photoaffinity probe, N epsilon-4-azidosalicylylkallidin, and used it in an attempt to identify candidate bradykinin receptors on the NG108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cell line. The ligand bound in subdued light to a particulate fraction of NG108-15 tumours and could be displaced by bradykinin with an IC50 of 0.33 nM. In a physiological assay, it behaved as an agonist equipotent with bradykinin. Gel analysis of the labelled products after photolysis of the iodinated ligand in the presence of NG108-15 cells or tumour membranes revealed bradykinin-blockable labelling of a glycoprotein with an Mr of 166,000. The probe was also able to label purified commercial angiotensin converting enzyme. The band labelled in NG108-15 cells was immunoprecipitable with a polyclonal antiserum to angiotensin converting enzyme, an enzyme shown to be present in low amounts in these preparations by direct binding using the iodinatable specific ligand MK351A.     

Protein Kinase C-δ Associates with Vimentin Intermediate Filaments in Differentiated HL60 Cells

The subcellular localization of protein kinase C (PKC)-δ was determined in HL60 cells differentiated toward monocytes/macrophages by treatment with TPA. PKC-δ was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of differentiated HL60 cells and, more specifically, associated with structures resembling intermediate filaments. Indirect immunostaining revealed that PKC-δ colocalized with vimentin in the cytosol and perinuclear region of these cells. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that PKC-δ was in an active (autophosphorylated) state in differentiated HL60 cells and that vimentin immunoprecipitated from these cells was also phosphorylated. Treatment of HL60 cells with the PKC-specific inhibitor chelerythrine decreased the phosphorylation of vimentin. These data suggest that vimentin is a substrate for PKC-δ and that this PKC isoenzyme may play a specific role in the regulation of shape change and cell adhesion during HL60 differentiation.