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The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves,Columbiformes) 下载免费PDF全文
Maria Eugenia Leone Gold Estelle Bourdon Mark A. Norell 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2016,177(4):950-963
The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) became extinct only 100 years after humans first arrived on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. Even though it has become an example of oddity, obsolescence, stupidity, and extinction, most aspects of its biology are still unknown. We used high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (CT) scanning to examine the endocranial morphology of the dodo and compare this virtual endocast to eight close relatives. Enlarged olfactory bulbs are a shared characteristic of the Raphinae and posteriorly angled semicircular canals are particular to the dodo compared with the other eight species sampled here. A regression of log endocranial volume against log body size shows that the dodo has an endocranial volume on par with other pigeons. Aspects of the dodo's biology are discussed in relation to these endocranial features. 相似文献
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Andrea Pinto Lucia Tamborini Eugenia Pennacchietti Antonio Coluccia Romano Silvestri Gregorio Cullia 《Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry》2016,31(2):295-301
The γ-aminobutyrate (GABA)-degradative enzyme GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT) is regarded as an attractive target to control GABA levels in the central nervous system: this has important implications in the treatment of several neurological disorders and drug dependencies. We have investigated the ability of newly synthesized compounds to act as GABA-AT inhibitors. These compounds have a unique bicyclic structure: the carbocyclic ring bears the GABA skeleton, while the fused 3-Br-isoxazoline ring contains an electrophilic warhead susceptible of nucleophilic attack by an active site residue of the target enzyme. Out of the four compounds tested, only the one named (+)-3 was found to significantly inhibit mammalian GABA-AT in vitro. Docking studies, performed on the available structures of GABA-AT, support the experimental findings: out of the four tested compounds, only (+)-3 suitably orients the electrophilic 3-Br-isoxazoline warhead towards the active site nucleophilic residue Lys329, thereby explaining the irreversible inhibition of GABA-AT observed experimentally. 相似文献
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Blastopore formation, the embryonic disk, archenteron and notochord elongation, and Brachyury expression in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae was compared with embryos of Xenopus laevis and of the dendrobatids Colostethus machalilla and Epipedobates anthonyi. In contrast with X. laevis embryos, the blastopore closes before elongation of the archenteron and notochord in the embryos of G. riobambae and of the dendrobatid frogs. Moreover, the circumblastoporal collar (CBC) thickens due to the accumulation of involuted cells. An embryonic disk, however, is formed only in the G. riobambae gastrula. We differentiate three gastrulation patterns according to the speed of development: In X. laevis, elongation of the archenteron and notochord begin in the early to mid gastrula, whereas in the dendrobatids C. machalilla and E. anthonyi the archenteron elongates at mid gastrula and the notochord elongates after gastrulation. In G. riobambae, only involution takes place during gastrulation. Archenteron and notochord elongation occur in the post gastrula. In the non-aquatic reproducing frogs, the margin of the archenteron expands anisotropically, resulting in an apparent displacement of the CBC from a medial to a posterior location, resembling the displacement of Hensen's node in the chick and mouse. The differences detected indicate that amphibian gastrulation is modular. 相似文献
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Base damage and single-strand break repair: mechanisms and functional significance of short- and long-patch repair subpathways 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A large variety of DNA lesions induced by environmental agents or arising as an outcome of cellular metabolism are counteracted by a complex network of proteins that belong to the base excision repair/single strand break repair (BER/SSBR) processes. No matter whether the initial lesions are modified DNA bases or single-strand breaks with non-conventional termini these processes are completed either by replacement of a single (short-patch, SP) or more (long-patch, LP) nucleotides by different arrays of proteins. Here, the factors that are involved in the selection between SP- and LP-BER/SSBR are reviewed. The biological significance of these alternative subpathways is also presented as inferred from mutant mouse/cell models. 相似文献
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Giacomo Zaccone John Maina Antonino Germanà Giuseppe Montalbano Gioele Capillo Luisa Aragona Michał J. Kuciel Eugenia Rita Lauriano José M. Icardo 《Acta zoologica》2019,100(2):160-166
Available studies that have examined O2 sensing in fish have indicated that oxygen-sensitive neuroepithelial cells (NECs) are O2 sensors in the gills and initiate cardiorespiratory reflexes in aquatic vertebrates. This is the first study describing the occurrence of NECs in accessory respiratory organs in the air-breathing catfish Clarias gariepinus. Immunocytochemical stainings with specific neuronal markers such as nNOS, VAchT, 5-HT and TH have been shown to be very useful for location and distribution of these cells in the gill fans and suprabranchial chamber that take origin from the transformation of the gill tissue. But the response of these putative O2 chemoreceptors, their role in the respiratory reflexes and their innervation await investigation. 相似文献