全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2138篇 |
免费 | 223篇 |
专业分类
2361篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 20篇 |
2021年 | 34篇 |
2020年 | 38篇 |
2019年 | 41篇 |
2018年 | 51篇 |
2017年 | 34篇 |
2016年 | 78篇 |
2015年 | 111篇 |
2014年 | 120篇 |
2013年 | 130篇 |
2012年 | 178篇 |
2011年 | 147篇 |
2010年 | 120篇 |
2009年 | 114篇 |
2008年 | 108篇 |
2007年 | 121篇 |
2006年 | 115篇 |
2005年 | 77篇 |
2004年 | 86篇 |
2003年 | 71篇 |
2002年 | 83篇 |
2001年 | 61篇 |
2000年 | 48篇 |
1999年 | 51篇 |
1998年 | 16篇 |
1997年 | 17篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 28篇 |
1991年 | 20篇 |
1990年 | 27篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2361条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
141.
142.
143.
144.
Timofey Kalupov Mich��le Brillard-Bourdet S��bastien Dad�� H��l��ne Serrano Julien Wartelle Nicolas Guyot Luiz Juliano Thierry Moreau Azzaq Belaaouaj Francis Gauthier 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(49):34084-34091
It is widely accepted that neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) play a critical role in neutrophil-associated lung inflammatory and tissue-destructive diseases. To investigate NSP pathogenic role(s), various mouse experimental models have been developed that mimic acutely or chronically injured human lungs. We and others are using mouse exposure to cigarette smoke as a model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with or without exacerbation. However, the relative contribution of NSPs to lung disease processes as well as their underlying mechanisms remains still poorly understood. And the lack of purified mouse NSPs and their specific substrates have hampered advances in these studies. In this work, we compared mouse and human NSPs and generated three-dimensional models of murine NSPs based on three-dimensional structures of their human homologs. Analyses of these models provided compelling evidence that peptide substrate specificities of human and mouse NSPs are different despite their conserved cleft and close structural resemblance. These studies allowed us to synthesize for the first time novel sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates for individual mouse NSPs. Our findings and the newly identified substrates should better our understanding about the role of NSPs in the pathogenesis of cigarette-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well as other neutrophils-associated inflammatory diseases. 相似文献
145.
Tainá CC Monte Rosana Gentile Juberlan Garcia Ester Mota Jeannie N Santos Arnaldo Maldonado Júnior 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(8):1057-1063
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the etiologic agent of eosinophilic
meningoencephalitis in humans. Cases have been recorded in many parts of the world,
including Brazil. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in the biology
and morphology of two different Brazilian haplotypes of A. : ac8 and
ac9. A significantly larger number of L1 larvae eliminated in the faeces of rodents
at the beginning of the patent period was observed for ac9 haplotype and compared to
the total of L1 larvae eliminated, there was a significant difference between the two
haplotypes. The ac9 haplotype showed a significant difference in the proportion of
female and male specimens (0.6:1), but the same was not observed for ac8 (1.2:1). The
morphometric analysis showed that male and female specimens isolated from ac8
haplotype were significantly larger with respect to body length, oesophagus length,
spicule length (male) and distance from the anus to the rear end (female) compared to
specimens from ac9. The morphological analysis by light microscopy showed little
variation in the level of bifurcations at the lateral rays in the right lobe of the
copulatory bursa between the two haplotypes. The biological, morphological and
morphometric variations observed between the two haplotypes agree with the observed
variation at the molecular level using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I marker and
reinforce the possible influence of geographical isolation on the development of
these haplotypes. 相似文献
146.
Fiona C. Kimberley Almer M. van der Sloot Marco Guadagnoli Katherine Cameron Pascal Schneider J. Arnoud Marquart Miranda Versloot Luis Serrano Jan Paul Medema 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(44):37434-37446
A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a member of the TNF ligand superfamily with an important role in humoral immunity, is also implicated in several cancers as a prosurvival factor. APRIL binds two different TNF receptors, B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and transmembrane activator and cylclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and also interacts independently with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Because APRIL shares binding of the TNF receptors with B cell activation factor, separating the precise signaling pathways activated by either ligand in a given context has proven quite difficult. In this study, we have used the protein design algorithm FoldX to successfully generate a BCMA-specific variant of APRIL, APRIL-R206E, and two TACI-selective variants, D132F and D132Y. These APRIL variants show selective activity toward their receptors in several in vitro assays. Moreover, we have used these ligands to show that BCMA and TACI have a distinct role in APRIL-induced B cell stimulation. We conclude that these ligands are useful tools for studying APRIL biology in the context of individual receptor activation. 相似文献
147.
148.
Ester Gonzlez de Andrs Juan A. Blanco J. Bosco Imbert Biing T. Guan Yueh‐Hsin Lo Federico J. Castillo 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(9):3070-3090
Litterfall dynamics (production, seasonality and nutrient composition) are key factors influencing nutrient cycling. Leaf litter characteristics are modified by species composition, site conditions and water availability. However, significant evidence on how large‐scale, global circulation patterns affect ecophysiological processes at tree and ecosystem level remains scarce due to the difficulty in separating the combined influence of different factors on local climate and tree phenology. To fill this gap, we studied links between leaf litter dynamics with climate and other forest processes, such as tree‐ring width (TRW) and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) in two mixtures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the south‐western Pyrenees. Temporal series (18 years) of litterfall production and elemental chemical composition were decomposed following the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and relationships with local climate, large‐scale climatic indices, TRW and Scots pine's iWUE were assessed. Temporal trends in N:P ratios indicated increasing P limitation of soil microbes, thus affecting nutrient availability, as the ecological succession from a pine‐dominated to a beech‐dominated forest took place. A significant influence of large‐scale patterns on tree‐level ecophysiology was explained through the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on water availability. Positive NAO and negative ENSO were related to dry conditions and, consequently, to early needle shedding and increased N:P ratio of both species. Autumn storm activity appears to be related to premature leaf abscission of European beech. Significant cascading effects from large‐scale patterns on local weather influenced pine TRW and iWUE. These variables also responded to leaf stoichiometry fallen 3 years prior to tree‐ring formation. Our results provide evidence of the cascading effect that variability in global climate circulation patterns can have on ecophysiological processes and stand dynamics in mixed forests. 相似文献
149.
Host‐plant associated genetic divergence of two Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) stemborers on novel crop plants 下载免费PDF全文
Andrea L. Joyce Miguel Sermeno Chicas Leopoldo Serrano Cervantes Miguel Paniagua Sonja J. Scheffer M. Alma Solis 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(23):8632-8644
Diatraea lineolata and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) are moths with stemboring larvae that feed and develop on economically important grasses. This study investigated whether these moths have diverged from a native host plant, corn, onto introduced crop plants including sorghum, sugarcane, and rice. Diatraea larvae were collected from these four host plants throughout the year in El Salvador and were reared on artificial diet until moths or parasitoids emerged. Adult moths were subsequently identified to species. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were used to examine whether or not there was genetic divergence of D. lineolata or D. saccharalis populations on the four host plants. Percent parasitism was also determined for each moth on its host plants. D. lineolata was collected from corn in the rainy season and sorghum in the dry season. D. saccharalis was most abundant on sugarcane in the rainy season and sorghum in the dry season. The AFLP analysis found two genetically divergent populations of both D. lineolata and D. saccharalis. Both moths had high levels of parasitism on their dominant host plant in the rainy season, yet had low levels of parasitism on sorghum in the dry season. The presence of two genotypes of both Diatraea spp. on sorghum suggest that host‐associated differentiation is occurring on this novel introduced crop plant. 相似文献
150.
Tom Lenaerts Jesper Ferkinghoff-Borg Francois Stricher Luis Serrano Joost WH Schymkowitz Frederic Rousseau 《BMC structural biology》2008,8(1):43