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61.
Zusammenfassung Die indirekten und direkten Flugmuskelfasern der Wanderheuschrecke enthalten parallel und voneinander getrennt verlaufende Myofibrillen. In den interfibrillären Räumen liegen zahlreiche, säulenförmig aneinandergereihte Mitochondrion, ein dichtes endoplasmatisches Retikulum und Tracheolen. In Höhe der A-I-Band-Grenzen befindet sich ein charakteristisches retikuläres System, dessen Queranordnung als Diade zu bezeichnen ist. Die chromatinreichen Kerne liegen peripher dicht unter dem Sarkolemm.Sowohl bei den indirekten als auch bei den direkten Flugmuskelgruppen kommt es im Verlaufe des Dauerfluges zu Transformationen der Mitochondrien, die sich in einer erheblichen Schwellung und in einer Umwandlung der Cristae zu Tubuli äußern. Diese Umwandlung wird als intramitochondriale Kompensation aufgefaßt, um das Verhältnis von Oberfläche der inneren membranösen Phase zum Volumen der inneren wäßrigen Phase — d. h. die spezifische Oberfläche — möglichst konstant zu halten. Eine Vesikulation der Tubuli könnte der morphologische Ausdruck für eine Dekompensation sein, da dann der Zusammenhang der äußeren wäßrigen Phase verlorengeht.Die Mitochondrien verschiedener Muskeln reagieren nicht synchron auf die Dauerbelastung, sondern ausgesprochen belastungs- und funktionsspezifisch: Zunächst transformieren sich die Mitochondrien der indirekten, dann erst die der direkten Flugmuskelgruppen, und der anfängliche Schwirrflug geht während fortschreitenden Dauerfluges in einen Flatterflug über. Die unterschiedlichen Erschöpfungszeitpunkte der indirekten Flugmuskeln werden durch die jeweils spezifische Funktion und die ontogenetische Entwicklung erklärt. 相似文献
62.
63.
Bruno M. Cormier 《CMAJ》1966,94(6):276-291
A historical and psychological study of genocide is presented in which special emphasis is given to modern manifestations of this phenomenon. The policy of eradication of the Jews by the Hitler regime is considered as an example of genocide in the twentieth century. The psychopathology of genocide and the complex relationships among aggressors, victims and witnesses are elaborated. Inferences are drawn from past and present patterns of genocide that may provide some leads to the future. It is now possible to envisage an all-consuming genocide unless nations can learn to live together, not necessarily in unity but in diversity. 相似文献
64.
65.
Pharmacological Characterization of Somatostatin Receptors in the Rat Cerebellum During Development 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Bruno J. Gonzalez Philippe Leroux Corinne Bodenant Pierre Braquet Hubert Vaudry 《Journal of neurochemistry》1990,55(3):729-737
Abstract: Somatostatin (SRIF) receptors (SRIF-Rs) are transiently expressed in a germinative lamina of the rat cerebellum, the external granule cell layer. The appearance of SRIF-Rs coincides with the expression of SRIF-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum. However, the cellular location of SRIF-Rs does not overlap with the distribution of SRIF-like immunoreactivity, with the latter being restricted to ascending fibers arising from the brainstem, to perikarya within the white matter, and to some Purkinje cells. The characterization of SRIF-Rs in the immature (13–day-old) rat cerebellum was conducted by means of binding experiments in membraneenriched preparations and autoradiography, using two radioligands, [125I-Tyr0,D-Trp8]SRIF-14 ([125I-Tyr0,d -Trp8]S14) and I25I-SMS 204–090. The pharmacological profile of cerebellar SRIF-Rs was compared with that of adult cortical SRIF-Rs. Saturation studies performed in 13–day-old rat cerebellum showed that the A'D values for [125I-Tyr0,D-Trp8]S14 and 125I-SMS 204–090 binding were 0.35 ± 0.04 and 0.39 ± 0.01 nM, respectively. The corresponding Bmax values were 52.7 ± 4.8 and 49.9 ± 5.3 fmol/mg of protein, a result indicating that radioligands with high specific radioactivity (2,000 Ci/mmol) bind to a single class of high-affinity sites (SSI). Competition studies showed that different D-Trp-sub-stituted analogs displaced [125I-Tyr0,d -Trp8]S14 binding with Hill coefficients >1, a finding indicating the existence of different subtypes of binding sites. When [Tyr0,d -Trp8]S14 was used as a competitor, two sites were resolved by Scatchard analysis in both 13–day-old cerebellum and adult cerebral cortex. The higher-affinity sites correspond to the SSI subtype identified in saturation experiments, whereas the lower-affinity sites most likely correspond to the SS2 subtype. Ionic supplementation studies showed that divalent cations were required to obtain maximal specific binding on the SSI sites. In particular, Mn2+ was the most efficient cation for promoting binding of [125I-Tyr0,d -Trp8]S14. Addition of GTP to the incubation buffer induced a marked reduction of specific binding. The results obtained by membrane binding assays were similar to those obtained by quantitative autoradiography, a result indicating that the microenvironment of SRIF-Rs was preserved in both types of tissue preparations. Receptors expressed in the developing rat cerebellum exhibited the same KD and similar pharmacological profile as those observed in the adult rat cortex. These results show that SRIF-binding sites transiently expressed in the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum of young rats are indistinguishable from adult rat brain SRIF-Rs. The extremely high density of SRIF-Rs found in the external granule cell layer in 13–day-old rats suggests that SRIF may play a pivotal role in the proliferation and/or differentiation of these germinative cells. 相似文献
66.
The effects of minor differences in the amino acid sequences between a vertebrate (bovine testes) and an invertebrate (octopus) calmodulin on metal ion binding were investigated via laser-induced Eu3+ and Tb3+ luminescence. Amino acid substitutions at residues which are coordinated to the metal ion do not produce any detectable changes in the 7F0----5D0 excitation spectrum of the Eu3+ ion bound to octopus calmodulin relative to bovine testes calmodulin; only minor differences in the excited-state lifetime values in D2O solution are observed. The dissociation constants for Eu3+ (1.0 +/- 0.2 microM) and Tb3+ (5 +/- 1 microM) from the weak lanthanide binding sites (III and IV, numbered from the amino terminus) of octopus calmodulin were measured using luminescence techniques. Both values agree well with those reported previously for bovine testes calmodulin [Mulqueen, P. M., Tingey, J. M., & Horrocks, W. D., Jr. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 6639-6645]. The measured dissociation constant of Eu3+ bound in the tight lanthanide binding sites (I and II) is 6 +/- 2 nM for octopus calmodulin and 12 +/- 2 nM for bovine testes calmodulin. The distances between sites I and II (12.4 +/- 0.5 A) and sites III and IV (11.7 +/- 0.8 A) were determined from F?rster-type energy transfer in D2O solutions of octopus calmodulin containing bound Eu3+ donor and Nd3+ acceptor ions. F?rster theory parameters for nonradiative energy transfer between Tyr138 and Tb3+ ions bound at sites III and IV of octopus calmodulin were comprehensively evaluated, including a dynamics simulation of the orientation factor kappa 2. This theory is found to account quantitatively for the observed energy-transfer efficiency as evaluated from the observed sensitized Tb3+ emission. 相似文献
67.
G Esposito S Cauci F Fogolari E Alessio M Scocchi F Quadrifoglio P Viglino 《Biochemistry》1992,31(31):7094-7103
The reaction between the antitumor octahedral complex trans-RuCl2(DMSO)4 and d(GpG) leads to the formation of a stable compound characterized by a covalent bifunctional coordination of the bases to the metal center. The structure of the compound has been fully characterized by NMR and molecular modeling studies, showing the presence of two N7-coordinated guanine moieties in a head to head conformation, two dimethyl sulfoxide molecules, and one halogen atom in the coordination sphere of the ruthenium. The glycosidic chi angles are essentially in the anti range, the sugar puckering of the 5'G is 3'-endo (100% N), whereas that of the 3'G is more flexible but mainly in 2'-endo conformation (85% S), the two bases are strongly destacked. The compound shows structural features which are surprisingly similar to those exhibited by the corresponding cisplatin complex, indicating that such a way of interaction with DNA is not exclusive to Pt or to metals with square planar coordination geometries. 相似文献
68.
Brigitte Huss Bruno Tinland François Paulus Bernard Walter Léon Otten 《Plant molecular biology》1990,14(2):173-186
The ubiquitous grapevine-associated octopine/cucumopine Ti plasmids of biotype III Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains carry two T regions, TA and TB, with a complex oncogene arrangement. Within the octopine/cucumopine group, two main strain types were identified: large TA strains with a TA region resembling the TL region of the biotype I octopine strain Ach5 and small TA strains with a similar T region organization as the large TA strains but with a large internal TA deletion. Structural and functional studies of the representative large TA strain Tm4 revealed six oncogenes. Each oncogene was inserted in a disarmed vector and tested for biological activity using the corresponding oncogenes of Ach5 as standards. Five Tm4 oncogenes, TA-iaaM, T-ipt, T-6b, TB-iaaH and TB-iaaM, were shown to be active, the IS-interrupted TA-iaaH gene was inactive. To study the role of each gene in the pTiTm4 context, several single and multiple pTiTm4 mutations were constructed. It was shown that whereas TA-iaaM and TB-iaaH are essential for tumour formation on grapevine, T-ipt, T-6b and TB-iaaM are not. The avirulence of the TA-iaaM
-
mutant was shown to be due to an inhibitory effect of the T-ipt gene, since a TA-iaaM
-
/T-ipt
-
double mutant was fully virulent. We conclude that the TA-iaaM gene of large TA strains is specifically required to counteract the tumour growth inhibiting activity of the T-ipt gene. Both TA-iaaM and T-ipt are absent from the small TA strains. A model on the roles and interactions of the different oncogenes in large TA and small TA strains is presented. 相似文献
69.
Ole Brix Astrid Bårdgard Svein Mathisen Nicholas Tyler Matti Nuutinen Sarveriò G. Condo Bruno Giardina 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1990,159(6):655-660
Summary The oxygen binding of whole blood from humans and two arctic mammals, reindeer and muskox, has been studied as a function of carbon dioxide and temperature. All bloods display a marked Bohr effect with Bohr coefficients in the range –0.44––0.73. The Bohr effect is more pronounced at 20°C. The temperature sensitivity of reindeer and muskox blood expressed by the apparent heat of oxygenation, H, is almost three times lower than that of human HbA under the same experimental conditions. This thermodynamic difference gives special benefits to arctic mammals with large heterothermy by safeguarding oxygen unloading at very low ambient temperatures. 相似文献