全文获取类型
收费全文 | 20616篇 |
免费 | 1950篇 |
国内免费 | 21篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 102篇 |
2022年 | 218篇 |
2021年 | 465篇 |
2020年 | 209篇 |
2019年 | 313篇 |
2018年 | 360篇 |
2017年 | 315篇 |
2016年 | 570篇 |
2015年 | 987篇 |
2014年 | 1084篇 |
2013年 | 1279篇 |
2012年 | 1710篇 |
2011年 | 1669篇 |
2010年 | 1104篇 |
2009年 | 883篇 |
2008年 | 1372篇 |
2007年 | 1345篇 |
2006年 | 1219篇 |
2005年 | 1193篇 |
2004年 | 1156篇 |
2003年 | 1079篇 |
2002年 | 1022篇 |
2001年 | 176篇 |
2000年 | 100篇 |
1999年 | 202篇 |
1998年 | 256篇 |
1997年 | 157篇 |
1996年 | 136篇 |
1995年 | 124篇 |
1994年 | 114篇 |
1993年 | 112篇 |
1992年 | 94篇 |
1991年 | 92篇 |
1990年 | 84篇 |
1989年 | 65篇 |
1988年 | 53篇 |
1987年 | 60篇 |
1986年 | 48篇 |
1985年 | 66篇 |
1984年 | 66篇 |
1983年 | 69篇 |
1982年 | 77篇 |
1981年 | 74篇 |
1980年 | 74篇 |
1979年 | 36篇 |
1978年 | 65篇 |
1977年 | 43篇 |
1976年 | 39篇 |
1975年 | 37篇 |
1974年 | 27篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Scott Pownall Christine A. Kozak Keith Schappert Mohan Sarkar Eric Hull Harry Schachter Jamey D. Marth 《Genomics》1992,12(4)
The biosynthesis of protein-bound complex N-glycans in mammals requires a series of covalent modifications governed by a large number of specific glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. The addition of oligosaccharide to an asparagine residue on a nascent polypeptide chain begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Oligosaccharide processing continues in the Golgi apparatus to produce a diversity of glycan structures. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:α-3-
-mannoside β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (EC 2.4.1.101; GlcNAc-TI) is a key enzyme in the process because it is essential for the conversion of high-mannose N-glycans to complex and hybrid N-glycans. We have isolated the mouse gene encoding GlcNAc-TI (Mgat-1) from a genomic DNA library. The mouse sequence is highly conserved with respect to the human and rabbit homologs and exists as a single protein-encoding exon. Mgat-1 was mapped to mouse Chromosome 11, closely linked to the gene encoding interleukin-3 by the analysis of multilocus interspecies backcrosses. RNA analyses of Mgat-1 expression levels revealed significant variation among normal tissues and cells. 相似文献
72.
Pathogenesis-related protein 4 is structurally homologous to the carboxy-terminal domains of hevein, Win-1 and Win-2 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Leslie Friedrich Mary Moyer Eric Ward John Ryals 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1991,230(1-2):113-119
Summary The extracellular, acidic pathogenesis-related protein, PR-4, was purified to homogeneity from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and characterized by partial amino acid sequencing. Complementary DNA clones encoding PR-4 were isolated using an oligonucleotide probe based on the sequence of one of the peptides. The deduced PR-4 protein sequence was found to be related to a family of proteins including hevein and Win-1, which have an amino-terminal lectin domain and a carboxy-terminal domain of unknown function. PR-4 is homologous to the carboxy-terminus of these proteins but does not contain the lectin domain. Thus, the organization of the PR-4 family of proteins is similar to that of the plant chitinase family, in that both contain structural subclasses characterized by the presence or absence of an amino-terminal lectin domain. This observation is consistent with the proposal that the DNA encoding the lectin domain may be capable of transposing to form new genes encoding proteins of more complex, multi-domain structure. The expression of PR-4 mRNA was found to increase dramatically in response to TMV infection and the time course of RNA accumulation was similar to that of other PR proteins. 相似文献
73.
Characteristics of action potentials in Helianthus annuus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tadeusz Zawadzki Eric Davies Halina Dziubinska Kazimierz Trebacz 《Physiologia plantarum》1991,83(4):601-604
The action potentials induced by nondamaging electrical stimuli in 16- to 22-day-old plants of Helianthus annuus were examined. Typical recordings are presented. Mean values of their amplitudes and conduction velocities in the stem, the strength-duration relation, the 'all-or-none' law and the refractory periods have been determined. The amplitude and velocity of propagation were essentially identical in the upward and downward direction, but greater in the upper than in the lower half. In 'electrically active' plants, the rheobase value is 2 V, the minimum period for stimulation is 1.8 s. and the chronaxie 2.3 s. It is noted that the excitability level between similar plants on the same day and in the same plant on different days is highly variable and undergoes periodic changes. 相似文献
74.
Lois L. Hoyer † Allison C. Hamilton ‡ Susan M. Steenbergen Eric R. Vimr 《Molecular microbiology》1992,6(7):873-884
The Salmonella typhimurium LT2 sialidase (neuraminidase, EC 3.2.1.18) structural gene, nanH, has been cloned and sialidase overproduced from multicopy plasmids in Escherichia coli. Sialidase expression was regulated positively by cAMP. In contrast, certain Tn1000 insertions located upstream of nanH coding sequences reduced sialidase activity. A nanH chromosomal insertion mutation constructed by marker exchange demonstrated a single sialidase gene copy in S. typhimurium LT2. The complete nucleotide sequence of nanH, encoding a 41,300 dalton polypeptide, was determined and the derived primary structure was similar to sialidases from Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sordellii, Bacteroides fragilis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Comparative sequence analysis, including codon usage and secondary structure predictions, indicated that the S. typhimurium and clostridial sialidases are homologous, strongly suggestive of an interspecies gene transfer event. At least two primary sequence motifs of the bacterial enzymes were detected in influenza A virus sialidases. The predicted secondary structure of the bacterial enzymes was strikingly similar to viral sialidase. From the population distribution of nanH detected within a collection of salmonellae, it was apparent that S. typhimurium obtained its nanH copy most recently from Salmonella arizonae. S. typhimurium LT2 is thus a genetic mosaic that differs from other strains of even the same serotype by nanH plus potentially additional characters linked to nanH. These results have relevance to the evolution and function of sialidases in pathogenic microbes, and to the origin of the sialic acids. 相似文献
75.
Eric Giraud Alain Brauman Simon Keleke Bertrand Lelong Maurice Raimbault 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1991,36(3):379-383
Summary An amylolytic lactic acid bacterium identified as Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated from cassava roots (Manihot esculenta var. Ngansa) during reting. The amylolytic enzyme synthesized was an extracellular -amylase with an optimum pH of 5.0 and an optimum temperature of 55° C. Cultured on starch, the strain displayed a growth rate of 0.43 h–1, a biomass yield of 0.19 g·g–1 and a lactate yield of 0.81 g·g–1. The growth kinetics were similar on starch and glucose. Sufficient enzyme was synthesized and starch hydrolysis was not a limiting factor for growth. Biosynthesis of the enzyme was observed when the glucose concentration was less than 6.7 g·l–1 and reached up to 4 IU·ml–1 at the end of the fermentation.
Offprint requests to: M. Raimbault 相似文献
76.
Om P. Malhotra Frank Valencic Eric T. Fossel Karl A. Koehler 《Journal of Protein Chemistry》1991,10(1):31-41
Ca2+ titrations of the intrinsic fluorescence of a series of -carboxyglutamic acid (GLA)-deficient bovine prothrombin fragments 1 yield response Hill plot parameters useful for characterization of the metal ion-binding process. 11-, 10-, and 9-GLA fragments 1 exhibitT
m
(the (Ca2+)total concentration at which ln (B/F)=0 in the response Hill plot) values between 0.2 and 0.3 mM. A 22-fold increase inT
m
to 5.4 mM is observed for 8-GLA fragment 1.T
m
decreases to 3.8 mM for the 7- and 6-GLA proteins. The value ofh, about 2.8±0.2 for 11-, 10-, and 9-GLA fragments 1, abruptly decreases to 1.2–1.3 for 8-, 7-, and 6-GLA fragments 1. The observed degree of quenching induced by saturating levels of calcium ions is affected by both changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of the metal ion-free proteins and in the maximum possible degree of quenching in the presence of calcium. The kinetic characteristics of the calcium ion-induced quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of 6-GLA fragment 1 are identical to those observed in 10-GLA fragment 1, suggesting that the fluorescence quenching observed in the 6- and 10-GLA fragments 1, while different in magnitude, involves similar processes. Observation of an abrupt change in the relative electrophoretic mobilities of 11- to 9-GLA fragments 1 compared to 8- to 6-GLA fragments 1, in the absence or presence of Ca2+, suggests the existence of a major protein conformation change which occurs concomitantly with the noted changes inT
m
andh response Hill plot parameters. Molecular mechanics calculations suggest a structural hypothesis unifying these observations. Central to this model is the presumption of the existence of hydrogen bond-mediated interactions between metal ion-binding sites. 相似文献
77.
78.
Manuela C. Koch Kenneth Ricker Michael Otto Tiemo Grimm Klaus Bender Barbara Zoll Peter S. Harper Frank Lehmann-Horn Reinhardt Rüdel Eric P. Hoffman 《Human genetics》1991,88(1):71-74
Summary Paramyotonia congenita (PC), an autosomal dominant non-progressive muscle disorder, is characterised by cold-induced stiffness followed by muscle weakness. The weakness is caused by a dysfunction of the sodium channel in muscle fibre. Parts of the gene coding for the -subunit of the sodium channel of the adult human skeletal muscle (SCN4A) have been localised on chromosome 17. To investigate the role of this gene in the etiology of PC, a linkage analysis in 17 well-defined families was carried out. The results (z=20.61, =0.001) show that the mutant gene responsible for the disorder is indeed tightly linked to the SCN4A gene. The mutation causing hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyperPP) with myotonia has previously been mapped to this gene locus by the same candidate gene approach. Thus, our data suggest that PC and HyperPP are caused by allelic mutations at a single locus on chromosome 17.Dedicated to Professor P. E. Becker on the occasion of his 83rd birthday. 相似文献
79.
Toshiyuki Itaya Eric Fearon Troy Fiesinger Barbara Hunt Bert Vogelstein Philip Frost 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1991,33(4):267-273
Summary The transfection of murine SP1 tumor cells with the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza virus results, after fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS), in the selection of high-HA-expressing cell lines called H4A and H4B. Both lines fail to grow in syngeneic animals at doses that result in 100% tumor take of non-transfected tumor cells. Both grow in immunosuppressed mice. SP1 and H4A or H4B cells express few class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens but do express class II IAk antigens. H4A or H4B cells engender a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response but cannot protect against a challenge with SP1 cells. This CTL response is inhibited by anti-CD4 but not anti-CD8 antibodies. Using FACS, we were able to select a population (called H5AK5) with high class-I MHC antigen expression. Like H4A and H4B, H5AK5 cells fail to grow in syngeneic animals but do grow in immunosuppressed mice. However, unlike H4A or H4B, H5AK5 can induce protection against a challenge with 1 × 105 SP1 cells. These studies indicate that the immunogenicity ofHA-transfected SP1 cells may correlate with the cell-surface expression of class II MHC antigens. However, HA-expressing SP1 cells seem able to induce a protective response against a parent SP1 cell challenge only if they also express class I MHC antigens. This view is supported by the observations that SP1 cells expressing murine interleukin-2 do not express class I MHC antigens, fail to grow in syngeneic animals, do grow in immunosuppressed mice but do not protect against a challenge with parental SP1 cells.This work was supported by The Clayton Fund, The Sid W. Richardson Foundation and PHS grants CA 39853 and 41525. Toshiyuki Itaya is a visiting scientist supported by the Smith Education Fund of the Department of Cell Biology. Troy Fiesinger is a summer research investigator sponsored by The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Summer Program for College Students 相似文献
80.
Repression of Meiotic Crossing over by a Centromere (CEN3 ) in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Genetics》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The location of the centromere of chromosome III (CEN3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been altered by means of transformation. The frequency of meiotic crossing over in the CEN3-PGK1 and LEU2-CEN3 intervals increases approximately 1.5- and fourfold, respectively, when CEN3 is repositioned at HIS4. The centromere-distal HIS4-LEU2 region experiences a three- to fivefold decrease in the frequency of meiotic exchange when CEN3 is repositioned at HIS4. The inhibition of meiotic crossing over is conferred by a 627-base-pair fragment of CEN3 DNA and is not dependent on the orientation of CEN3 relative to the rest of chromosome III. 相似文献