Attributes of trees used by nesting and foraging woodpeckers (Aves: Picidae) in an area with old pollarded Oaks (Quercus spp.) in the Taurus Mountains,Turkey

We used three woodpecker species as umbrella species for old deciduous forests, and analysed their preferences in an area with old pollarded oaks in the Taurus Mountains, Turkey. Using plot inventories, we physically characterised trees utilised for nesting and foraging amongst woodpeckers in general and the Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Leiopicus medius) in particular. Trees more frequently visited by foraging woodpeckers differed from randomly chosen trees by being taller, having a larger circumference, greater bark furrow depth and shorter distance to neighbouring trees. Nesting trees were taller, had a higher proportion of dead wood but a lower surface area of natural cavities. Our results suggest that the woodpeckers in the study area rely upon woodlands containing mature trees, thus have the potential to function as suitable umbrella species’ to highlight the conservation value of oak forest habitats in southern Turkey.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus flavus</Emphasis> Keratitis: Experience of a Tertiary Eye Clinic in Turkey

We investigated the clinical and mycological characteristics of four cases of mycotic keratitis caused by Aspergillus flavus that occurred from July 2014 to May 2015 at Çukurova University Hospital, Adana, Turkey. In a 10-month period, a total of 64 corneal smear/scrapings were examined from patients with suspected mycotic keratitis. Fungal cultures were positive in six of these patients, indicating a 9.4% incidence of mycotic keratitis in this region, including four cases of A. flavus and two cases of Fusarium spp. The predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and success of the therapeutic approaches were further evaluated. For all cases, topical voriconazole was the first choice of treatment. Surgical procedures were required to control infection in 3 of the 4 cases, including intrastromal voriconazole injection for two cases and keratoplasty for one case. Predisposing factors included trauma (two cases, 50%), contact lens use (one case, 25%), and previous ocular surgery (one case, 25%). The clinical presentations also differed, including a well-limited ulcer (one case), an ulcer with an irregular feathery margin (one case), and ulcers with satellite lesions (two cases). The mean duration between the time of presentation and definitive diagnosis by culture was 14 days (8–25 days). We observed that A. flavus keratitis can present with different underlying factors and clinical conditions. A combination of antifungal therapy and supportive surgical intervention may resolve infections caused by A. flavus in the cornea.     

FisB relies on homo-oligomerization and lipid binding to catalyze membrane fission in bacteria

Little is known about mechanisms of membrane fission in bacteria despite their requirement for cytokinesis. The only known dedicated membrane fission machinery in bacteria, fission protein B (FisB), is expressed during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis and is required to release the developing spore into the mother cell cytoplasm. Here, we characterized the requirements for FisB-mediated membrane fission. FisB forms mobile clusters of approximately 12 molecules that give way to an immobile cluster at the engulfment pole containing approximately 40 proteins at the time of membrane fission. Analysis of FisB mutants revealed that binding to acidic lipids and homo-oligomerization are both critical for targeting FisB to the engulfment pole and membrane fission. Experiments using artificial membranes and filamentous cells suggest that FisB does not have an intrinsic ability to sense or induce membrane curvature but can bridge membranes. Finally, modeling suggests that homo-oligomerization and trans-interactions with membranes are sufficient to explain FisB accumulation at the membrane neck that connects the engulfment membrane to the rest of the mother cell membrane during late stages of engulfment. Together, our results show that FisB is a robust and unusual membrane fission protein that relies on homo-oligomerization, lipid binding, and the unique membrane topology generated during engulfment for localization and membrane scission, but surprisingly, not on lipid microdomains, negative-curvature lipids, or curvature sensing.

Little is known about how membrane fission occurs in bacteria; this study suggests that the membrane fission protein FisB exploits the unique cellular geometry encountered during sporulation to enable its localization to the fission site through a novel mechanism, where it catalyzes membrane scission.     

Inhibition of RPS6K reveals context-dependent Akt activity in luminal breast cancer cells

Aberrant signaling through insulin (Ins) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) receptors contribute to the risk and advancement of many cancer types by activating cell survival cascades. Similarities between these pathways have thus far prevented the development of pharmacological interventions that specifically target either Ins or IGF1 signaling. To identify differences in early Ins and IGF1 signaling mechanisms, we developed a dual receptor (IGF1R & InsR) computational response model. The model suggested that ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6K) plays a critical role in regulating MAPK and Akt activation levels in response to Ins and IGF1 stimulation. As predicted, perturbing RPS6K kinase activity led to an increased Akt activation with Ins stimulation compared to IGF1 stimulation. Being able to discern differential downstream signaling, we can explore improved anti-IGF1R cancer therapies by eliminating the emergence of compensation mechanisms without disrupting InsR signaling.     

The Association of Neighborhood Social Capital and Ethnic (Minority) Density with Pregnancy Outcomes in the Netherlands

Background

Perinatal morbidity rates are relatively high in the Netherlands, and significant inequalities in perinatal morbidity and mortality can be found across neighborhoods. In socioeconomically deprived areas, ‘Western’ women are particularly at risk for adverse birth outcomes. Almost all studies to date have explained the disparities in terms of individual determinants of birth outcomes. This study examines the influence of neighborhood contextual characteristics on birth weight (adjusted for gestational age) and preterm birth. We focused on the influence of neighborhood social capital – measured as informal socializing and social connections between neighbors – as well as ethnic (minority) density.

Methods

Data on birth weight and prematurity were obtained from the Perinatal Registration Netherlands 2000–2008 dataset, containing 97% of all pregnancies. Neighborhood-level measurements were obtained from three different sources, comprising both survey and registration data. We included 3.422 neighborhoods and 1.527.565 pregnancies for the birth weight analysis and 1.549.285 pregnancies for the premature birth analysis. Linear and logistic multilevel regression was performed to assess the associations of individual and neighborhood level variables with birth weight and preterm birth.

Results

We found modest but significant neighborhood effects on birth weight and preterm births. The effect of ethnic (minority) density was stronger than that of neighborhood social capital. Moreover, ethnic (minority) density was associated with higher birth weight for infants of non-Western ethnic minority women compared to Western women (15 grams; 95% CI: 12,4/17,5) as well as reduced risk for prematurity (OR 0.97; CI 0,95/0,99).

Conclusions

Our results indicate that neighborhood contexts are associated with birth weight and preterm birth in the Netherlands. Moreover, ethnic (minority) density seems to be a protective factor for non-Western ethnic minority women, but not for Western women. This helps explain the increased risk of Western women in deprived neighborhoods for adverse birth outcomes found in previous studies.     

Investigation of the VDR gene polymorphisms association with susceptibility to colorectal cancer

The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are mediated by binding to a specific intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR), which has been identified in a variety of tissues. Certain polymorphisms in the VDR gene have been associated with various neoplasms. For this purpose, we studied whether VDR TaqI or FokI genotype are associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in 52 controls and 26 patients with colorectal cancer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and agarose gel electrophoresis tecniques were used to detect these polymorphisms. We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels by ELISA. The frequencies of the FF, Ff and ff genotypes were 73.1%, 11.5%, 15.4% in colorectal cancer patients and 38.5%, 59.6%, 1.9% in healthy controls, respectively. We observed the T allele in 50% and 58.7%, and the t allele in 50% and 41.3% of colorectal cancer patients and the control group, respectively. In patients with colorectal cancer who have TT genotype, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level was lower than those with Tt/tt genotype (p:0.016). The frequency of subjects with TTFf or TtFf genotype in colorectal cancer patients was very low compared with all other genotypes (OR = 0.112; 95%CI 0.030-0.419). These data suggest that VDR TtFf or TTFf genotypes may protect against colorectal carcinogenesis. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.     

Characterization of genome-wide microsatellite markers in rabbitfishes,an important resource for artisanal fisheries in the Indo-West Pacific

Rabbitfishes are reef-associated fishes that support local fisheries throughout the Indo-West Pacific region. Sound management of the resource requires the development of molecular tools for appropriate stock delimitation of the different species in the family. Microsatellite markers were developed for the cordonnier, Siganus sutor, and their potential for cross-amplification was investigated in 12 congeneric species. A library of 792 repeat-containing sequences was built. Nineteen sets of newly developed primers, and 14 universal finfish microsatellites were tested in S. sutor. Amplification success of the 19 Siganus-specific markers ranged from 32 to 79% in the 12 other Siganus species, slightly decreasing when the genetic distance of the target species to S. sutor increased. Seventeen of these markers were polymorphic in S. sutor and were further assayed in S. luridus, S. rivulatus, and S. spinus, of which respectively 9, 10 and 8 were polymorphic. Statistical power analysis and an analysis of molecular variance showed that subtle genetic differentiation can be detected using these markers, highlighting their utility for the study of genetic diversity and population genetic structure in rabbitfishes.     

Laminar distribution of the cells of origin of the spinocerebral pathways involved in nociceptive transmission and pain modulation in the rat

The laminar distribution of spinomesencephalic, spinothalamic, and spinotelencephalic tract neurons, and the pattern of axonal collateralization in these spinocerebral pathways were studied in the rat by means of retrograde double-labelling of the cells with fluorescent dyes Fluoro-Gold and Primuline O. We found that sources of spinocerebral pathways to the analgesic brainstem centers, as well to thenucl. accumbens and septal nuclei, were mixed together in the marginal zone (lamina I, by Rexed), in the deep dorsal horn (laminae IV–VI), in the area around the central canal (lamina X), and within the lateral spinal nucleus. At the same time, all the above pathways retain their own specific projection fields. Thus, these spinocerebral projections could be characterized as extensive, but not diffuse. We propose that the main effect of activation of the direct spinal inputs to the limbic system is an increase in nociceptive sensitivity, but not a suppression of nocicptive transmission at the the spinal cord level.Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 28, No. 2/3, pp. 141–150, March–June, 1996.