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131.
132.
Wind as a main driver of the net ecosystem carbon balance of a semiarid Mediterranean steppe in the South East of Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ana Rey Luca Belelli‐Marchesini Ana Were Penelope Serrano‐ortiz Giuseppe Etiope Dario Papale Francisco Domingo Emiliano Pegoraro 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(2):539-554
Despite the advance in our understanding of the carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, semiarid ecosystems have been poorly investigated and little is known about their role in the global carbon balance. We used eddy covariance measurements to determine the exchange of CO2 between a semiarid steppe and the atmosphere over 3 years. The vegetation is a perennial grassland of Stipa tenacissima L. located in the SE of Spain. We examined diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations in the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in relation to biophysical variables. Cumulative NECB was a net source of 65.7, 143.6 and 92.1 g C m?2 yr?1 for the 3 years studied, respectively. We separated the year into two distinctive periods: dry period and growing season. The ecosystem was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, particularly during the dry period when large CO2 positive fluxes of up to 15 μmol m?2 s?1 were observed in concomitance with large wind speeds. Over the growing season, the ecosystem was a slight sink or neutral with maximum rates of ?2.3 μmol m?2 s?1. Rainfall events caused large fluxes of CO2 to the atmosphere and determined the length of the growing season. In this season, photosynthetic photon flux density controlled day‐time NECB just below 1000 μmol m?2 s?1. The analyses of the diurnal and seasonal data and preliminary geological and gas‐geochemical evaluations, including C isotopic analyses, suggest that the CO2 released was not only biogenic but most likely included a component of geothermal origin, presumably related to deep fluids occurring in the area. These results highlight the importance of considering geological carbon sources, as well as the need to carefully interpret the results of eddy covariance partitioning techniques when applied in geologically active areas potentially affected by CO2‐rich geofluid circulation. 相似文献
133.
Geniane?Schneider Paulo?Antunes?Horta Emiliano?Nicolas?Calderon Clovis?Castro Adalto?Bianchini Camilla?Reis?Augusto?da?Silva Isabel?Brandalise José?Bonomi?Barufi Jo?o?Silva Ana?Claudia?RodriguesEmail author 《Protoplasma》2018,255(2):629-641
Coastal areas face high variability of seawater pH. Ocean acidification (OA) and local stressors are enhancing this variability, which poses a threat to marine life. However, these organisms present potential phenotypic plasticity that can offer physiological and structural tools to survive in these extreme conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 levels and consequent pH reduction on the physiology, anatomy and ultrastructure of the seagrass Halodule wrightii. A mesocosm study was conducted in an open system during a 30-day experiment, where different concentrations of CO2 were simulated following the natural variability observed in coastal reef systems. This resulted in four experimental conditions simulating the (i) environmental pH (control condition, without CO2 addition) and (ii) reduced pH by ? 0.3 units, (iii) ? 0.6 units and (iv) ? 0.9 units, in relation to the field condition. The evaluated population only suffered reduced optimum quantum yield (Y(II)), leaf width and cross-section area under the lowest CO2 addition (? 0.3 pH units) after 30 days of experiment. This fitness commitment should be related to carbon concentration mechanisms present in the evaluated species. For the highest CO2 level, H. wrightii demonstrated a capacity to compensate any negative effect of the lowest pH. Our results suggest that the physiological behaviour of this primary producer is driven by the interactions among OA and environmental factors, like irradiance and nutrient availability. The observed behaviour highlights that high-frequency pH variability and multifactorial approaches should be applied, and when investigating the impact of OA, factors like irradiance, nutrient availability and temperature must be considered as well. 相似文献
134.
Alma Dal Pozzo Ming-Hong Ni Emiliano Esposito Sabrina Dallavalle Loana Musso Alberto Bargiotti Claudio Pisano Loredana Vesci Federica Bucci Massimo Castorina Rosanna Foderà Giuseppe Giannini Concetta Aulicino Sergio Penco 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2010,18(1):64-72
Five RGD peptide–camptothecin (CPT) conjugates were designed and synthesized with the purpose to improve the therapeutic index of this antitumoral drug family. New RGD cyclopeptides were selected on the basis of their high affinity to αv integrin receptors overexpressed by tumor cells and their metabolic stability. The conjugates can be divided in two groups: in the first the peptide was attached to the drug through an amide bond, in the second through a hydrazone bond. The main difference between the two spacers lies in their acid stability. Affinity to the receptors was maintained for all conjugates and their internalization into tumor cells was demonstrated. The first group conjugates showed lower in vitro and in vivo activity than the parent drug, probably due to the excessive stability of the amide bond, even inside the tumor cells. Conversely, the hydrazone conjugates exhibited in vitro tumor cell inhibition similar to the parent drug, indicating high conversion in the culture medium and/or inside the cells, but their poor solubility hampered in vivo experiments. On the basis of these results, information was acquired for additional development of derivatives with different linkers and better solubility for in vivo evaluation. 相似文献
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136.
Mauro Andreolini Emiliano Casalicchio Michele Colajanni Marco Mambelli 《Cluster computing》2004,7(1):7-19
In a world where many users rely on the Web for up-to-date personal and business information and transactions, it is fundamental to build Web systems that allow service providers to differentiate user expectations with multi-class Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In this paper we focus on the server components of the Web, by implementing QoS principles in a Web-server cluster that is, an architecture composed by multiple servers and one front-end node called Web switch. We first propose a methodology to determine a set of confident SLAs in a real Web cluster for multiple classes of users and services. We then decide to implement at the Web switch level all mechanisms that transform a best-effort Web cluster into a QoS-enhanced system. We also compare three QoS-aware policies through experimental results in a real test-bed system. We show that the policy implementing all QoS principles allows a Web content provider to guarantee the contractual SLA targets also in severe load conditions. Other algorithms lacking some QoS principles cannot be used for respecting SLA constraints although they provide acceptable performance for some load and system conditions. 相似文献
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138.
Impact of climate and land degradation on soil carbon fluxes in dry semiarid grasslands in SE Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rey Ana Carrascal Luis M. Báez Carlos García-Gutiérrez Raimundo João Oyonarte Cecilio Pegoraro Emiliano 《Plant and Soil》2021,461(1-2):323-339
Plant and Soil - This study investigates how precipitation, temperature and seasonality (as a proxy of plant productivity) affect the temporal and spatial variability of soil CO2 efflux in two dry... 相似文献
139.
This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships among ninety percent of known Dolichopoda species (44 out of 49); primarily a Mediterranean genus, distributed from eastern Pyrenees to Caucasus. A total of 2490 base pairs were sequenced corresponding to partial sequences of one nuclear (28SrRNA) and three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S and COI). A relaxed molecular clock, inferred from Bayesian analysis was applied to estimate the divergence times between the lineages using well dated palaeoevents of the study areas. Molecular substitution rates per lineage per million years were also obtained for each analyzed gene. Based on the nearly complete species phylogeny, temporal patterns of diversification were analyzed using Lineage-Through-Time plots and diversification statistics. Alternative hypotheses about the colonization of present range by Dolichopoda species were tested by means of Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis. Results from this analysis carried out on the 90% of known Dolichopoda species confirmed the previous ones based on subgroups of species, suggesting the ABC analysis as a remarkable tool in biogeographic studies. Based on these results, the distribution of Dolichopoda species appears to have been shaped by the palaeogeographic and climatic events that occurred from Late Miocene up to the Plio-Pleistocene. Both vicariance and dispersal events appear to have influenced Dolichopoda species distributions, with many processes occurring in ancestral epigean populations before the invasion of the subterranean environment. 相似文献
140.