Identification of Culturable Oligotrophic Bacteria within Naturally Occurring Bacterioplankton Communities of the Ligurian Sea by 16S rRNA Sequencing and Probing

Abstract Typical marine bacteria (i.e., obligately oligotrophic) that were numerically dominant members of naturally occurring marine communities were identified by cloning and sequencing the amplified 16S rRNA genes obtained from dilution cultures of the original samples. The data reported here refer to two different habitats of a marine pelagic environment (28 miles offshore, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea). The samples were taken from the water column at two representative layers, i.e., the 30-m depth, corresponding to the chlorophyll maximum layer, and the 1800-m depth, representative of a deep, oligotrophic environment. Three major lineages were found in the 16S rDNA clone libraries prepared from the two samples, two of which could be assigned to the Vibrio and the Rhodobacter groups. The third lineage was a distant relative of the genus Flavobacterium, but it was not closely related to any marine isolate. Six oligonucleotide probes, either complementary to the conserved sequence domains or selectively hybridizing to the clone sequences, were designed for use as hybridization group-specific and strain-specific probes. A single-mismatch discrimination between certain probes and nontarget sequences was demonstrated by detecting the probes' specificity at different hybridization and washing conditions. The screening of the clone libraries with the obtained probes revealed that neither the 30-m sample higher dilution nor the 1800-m one were pure cultures. While some representatives of the Vibrio group were found in both the surface and the deep sample, the members of the Flavobacterium and Rhodobacter lineages were detected only in the deep and the euphotic layers, respectively. We suggest an approach for analyzing autochthonous marine bacteria able to grow in unamended seawater. Received: 19 May 1998; Accepted: 29 October 1998     

Intraspecific genetic variation of a Fagus sylvatica population in a temperate forest derived from airborne imaging spectroscopy time series

1. The growing pace of environmental change has increased the need for large‐scale monitoring of biodiversity. Declining intraspecific genetic variation is likely a critical factor in biodiversity loss, but is especially difficult to monitor: assessments of genetic variation are commonly based on measuring allele pools, which requires sampling of individuals and extensive sample processing, limiting spatial coverage. Alternatively, imaging spectroscopy data from remote platforms may hold the potential to reveal genetic structure of populations. In this study, we investigated how differences detected in an airborne imaging spectroscopy time series correspond to genetic variation within a population of Fagus sylvatica under natural conditions.
2. We used multi‐annual APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) imaging spectrometer data from a temperate forest located in the Swiss midlands (Laegern, 47°28'N, 8°21'E), along with microsatellite data from F. sylvatica individuals collected at the site. We identified variation in foliar reflectance independent of annual and seasonal changes which we hypothesize is more likely to correspond to stable genetic differences. We established a direct connection between the spectroscopy and genetics data by using partial least squares (PLS) regression to predict the probability of belonging to a genetic cluster from spectral data.
3. We achieved the best genetic structure prediction by using derivatives of reflectance and a subset of wavebands rather than full‐analyzed spectra. Our model indicates that spectral regions related to leaf water content, phenols, pigments, and wax composition contribute most to the ability of this approach to predict genetic structure of F. sylvatica population in natural conditions.
4. This study advances the use of airborne imaging spectroscopy to assess tree genetic diversity at canopy level under natural conditions, which could overcome current spatiotemporal limitations on monitoring, understanding, and preventing genetic biodiversity loss imposed by requirements for extensive in situ sampling.

     

Complementary Roles of the Hippocampus and the Dorsomedial Striatum during Spatial and Sequence-Based Navigation Behavior

We investigated the neural bases of navigation based on spatial or sequential egocentric representation during the completion of the starmaze, a complex goal-directed navigation task. In this maze, mice had to swim along a path composed of three choice points to find a hidden platform. As reported previously, this task can be solved by using two hippocampal-dependent strategies encoded in parallel i) the allocentric strategy requiring encoding of the contextual information, and ii) the sequential egocentric strategy requiring temporal encoding of a sequence of successive body movements associated to specific choice points. Mice were trained during one day and tested the following day in a single probe trial to reveal which of the two strategies was spontaneously preferred by each animal. Imaging of the activity-dependent gene c-fos revealed that both strategies are supported by an overlapping network involving the dorsal hippocampus, the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and the medial prefrontal cortex. A significant higher activation of the ventral CA1 subregion was observed when mice used the sequential egocentric strategy. To investigate the potential different roles of the dorsal hippocampus and the DMS in both types of navigation, we performed region-specific excitotoxic lesions of each of these two structures. Dorsal hippocampus lesioned mice were unable to optimally learn the sequence but improved their performances by developing a serial strategy instead. DMS lesioned mice were severely impaired, failing to learn the task. Our data support the view that the hippocampus organizes information into a spatio-temporal representation, which can then be used by the DMS to perform goal-directed navigation.     

Pathogenicity for Chickens of a Paramyxovirus Type 1, Isolated from Racing Pigeons in Sweden

Strains of paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV-1) have been isolated from diseased racing pigeons in Sweden. One of these isolates was selected for studies of the pathogenicity and contagiousness in chickens. The same isolate was previously found to have a high intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) in 6 weeks old chickens. In three experiments it was found that the PMV-1 isolate was very pathogenic for 1 week old chickens but not pathogenic for 120 day old pullets inoculated intranasally and ocularly. Symptoms in the young chickens were similar to those seen in the neurotropic form of Newcastle disease. The mortality was high and the incubation period 5–11 days. The disease easily spread to young chickens kept in contact with diseased birds. The microscopic examination revealed an interstitial nonpurulent pneumonia and a nonpurulent encephalitis in the young chickens. In the pullets the only finding was a mild encephalitis. PMV-1 was recovered from all young chickens but not from the pullets. Both the chickens and the inoculated pullets developed antibodies to PMV-1.     

Biogeographical patterns and Rapoport's rule in southeastern Pacific benthic polychaetes of the Chilean coast

Recently three biogeographical units were identified along the Chilean coast (the Magellanic Province, an Intermediate Area, and the Peruvian Province), however few studies have focused on the factors and dynamic processes that formed these spatial units (e.g. Rapoport's rule and its causal mechanisms). In this study we used benthic polychaetes of the Chilean coast to evaluate patterns of latitudinal distribution and species richness, and the existence of the three main biogeographical provinces described for the Chilean coast. Additionally, we evaluated the latitudinal Rapoport effects and geometric constraint as a null hypothesis explaining the species richness distribution.
We found that benthic polychaete diversity increased towards southern latitudes. The cluster and ordination (non-metric MultiDimensional Scaling, nMDS) analyses of the distribution data, presented only two statistically significant (bootstrapping techniques) biogeographic provinces along the Chilean coast, with a break occurring between 41° and 42°S. While, our results did not support a latitudinal Rapoport effect, they did support the view that latitudinal Rapoport effects are a local phenomenon, occurring only for the Northeastern Pacific marine taxa. The relationship between latitudinal range extent and mean latitude indicated the existence of two hard boundaries at either extreme of the Chilean coast, limiting the geographical ranges of the species. However, geometric constraints tested using a Monte Carlo simulation approach showed a weak level of mid-domain effect on species richness. Finally, we propose that geometric constraint together with the geomorphology and historical characteristics of the Chilean coast explain the biogeographical patterns of benthic polychaete taxa in Chile.     

Radiosensitizing and damaging effects of hyperthermia on different biological systems. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells

The cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of hyperthermia was shown on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells heated in vitro. The effect of hyperthermia resulted in the formation of local lesions in membranes of dying cells.     

Identifying essential genes in bacterial metabolic networks with machine learning methods

Background  

Identifying essential genes in bacteria supports to identify potential drug targets and an understanding of minimal requirements for a synthetic cell. However, experimentally assaying the essentiality of their coding genes is resource intensive and not feasible for all bacterial organisms, in particular if they are infective.