全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1965篇 |
免费 | 163篇 |
专业分类
2128篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 7篇 |
2022年 | 25篇 |
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 20篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 45篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2016年 | 53篇 |
2015年 | 80篇 |
2014年 | 83篇 |
2013年 | 135篇 |
2012年 | 146篇 |
2011年 | 140篇 |
2010年 | 104篇 |
2009年 | 94篇 |
2008年 | 144篇 |
2007年 | 128篇 |
2006年 | 120篇 |
2005年 | 113篇 |
2004年 | 117篇 |
2003年 | 98篇 |
2002年 | 82篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 18篇 |
1999年 | 23篇 |
1998年 | 25篇 |
1997年 | 19篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2128条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
V Franceschini P Del Grande F Ciani G Caniato G Minelli 《Basic and applied histochemistry》1984,28(3):281-289
The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase and K+-NPPase was investigated in brain capillaries of newt by a cytochemical study using whole brain perfusion. The alkaline phosphatase activity was present in both luminal and antiluminal membranes of the endothelial cells. By contrast, the K+-NPPase was located only in antiluminal membranes of the brain capillaries. This distinct enzymatic distribution suggested that the luminal and antiluminal membranes are functionally different. The role of alkaline phosphatase and K+-NPPase in the blood brain barrier is discussed. 相似文献
2.
Michael Brenowitz Celia Bonaventura Joseph Bonaventura Elisabetta Gianazza 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》1981,210(2):748-761
The hemocyanin of Limulus polyphemus is a 48-subunit aggregate. This 3.3 × 106-dalton oligomer is composed of structurally and functionally heterogeneous subunits. Using polyacrylamide electrophoresis J. Markl, A. Markl, W. Schartau, and B. Linzen (J. Comp. Physiol. Ser. B130,283–292, 1979) observed 12 bands; while using immunoelectrophoresis, M. Hoylaerts, G. Preaux, R. Witters, and R. Lontie (Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochem.87, 417–418, 1979) and J. Lamy, J. Lamy, J. Weill, J. Bonaventura, C. Bonaventura, and M. Brenowitz. (Arch. Biochem. Biophys.196, 324–339, 1979) observed 8 subunits. To proceed with an analysis of subunit roles in assembly it is first necessary to determine the number of distinct subunits. Refinement of the chromatographic separation procedures has led to the isolation of 8 immunologically distinct subunits as well as additional charge isomers which cannot be distinguished immunologically. Alkaline electrophoresis revealed 15 bands and isoelectric focusing up to 17. On the basis of extensive control experiments, including composit acrylamide-agarose immunoelectrophoresis and checks for conformational isomers, aggregation, proteolysis, and other types of degradation, we conclude that the electrophoretic heterogeneity of immunologically identical subunits is not artifactual. We have extended the nomenclature used by Lamy et al. (1979) to include the electrophoretic heterogeneity by using primes (′) to denote electrophoretically distinguishable subunits which are immunologically identical. A number of patterns have become apparent by correlating the results obtained by the different techniques. For example, immunologically pure subunit II, which shows 3 bands on alkaline electrophoresis, is in fact a mixture of electrophoretically distinct subunits II, II′, II″. Except for subunits II, II′, and II″ immunoelectrophoretically identical subunits are typically homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gels. However, slight differences in the apparent molecular weight are observed on high-resolution gels between immunologically unrelated subunits. The immunological identity and electrophoretic differences suggest that the charge isomers which are immunologically identical have similar antigenic surfaces. If a charge substitution is not in a critical location, we would expect the electrophoretically distinct but immunologically identical subunits to have identical assembly roles. Comparison of the results for Limulus hemocyanin with the hemocyanin of related species Eurypelma californicum and Androctanus australis, which have 7 and 8 immunologically distinct subunits, respectively, suggests that the calcium-mediated aggregation from 24 to 48 subunits of Limulus does not require more extensive subunit complexity. 相似文献
3.
A horizontal plexiglas tube containing a food-reward was presented to four naive tufted capuchins and suitable sticks were
provided to push the reward out. Three monkeys out of four spontaneously used the tools and showed very different styles of
solving the task. In more complex conditions, in which the sticks needed to be combined or actively modified in order to become
effective, the monkeys were always successful; however, their performance was loaded with errors which did not disappear throughout
the trials. Evidence of a difference between success in solving the problem and its understanding was found. This suggests
that although capuchins can discover new means through active experimentation, they do not mentally represent the characteristics
necessary for a tool to be effective, nor do they modify the tool appropriately beforehand. At this level, a major difference
with chimpanzees emerges. 相似文献
4.
Metabolic regulation of the K(ATP) and a maxi-K(V) channel in the insulin-secreting RINm5F cell 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8 下载免费PDF全文
K channels in the cell membrane of the insulin-secreting RINm5F cell line were studied using the patch-clamp technique in cell-attached patch mode. With 140 mM K in the pipette, two channels displaying different conductive and kinetics properties were observed. A voltage-independent, inward-rectifying, 55-pS channel was active at rest (no glucose, -70 mV), but was almost completely inhibited by 5 mM glucose. A 140-pS channel was seen in the absence of glucose only after cell membrane depolarization with high (30 mM) K. This channel was voltage dependent, with a linear slope conductance between -60 and +60 mV, and was completely inhibited only by greater than 15 mM glucose. The former channel we identify as an ATP-sensitive channel previously described in excised patches and refer to it as the K(ATP) channel. The latter, because of its large conductance and voltage-dependent kinetics, will be referred to as the maxi-K(V) channel, adopting a nomenclature previously used to classify highly conductive K channels (Latorre, R., and C. Miller, 1983, Journal of Membrane Biology, 71:11-30). In addition to glucose, mannose and 2-ketoisocaproate, which also initiate insulin secretion and electrical activity in the islet beta cell, reduced the activity of both the K(ATP) and the maxi-K(V) channel. Lactate and arginine, which potentiate but do not initiate insulin secretion or beta cell electrical activity in normal islets, each caused a large reduction in maxi-K(V) channel activity, without consistently affecting the activity of K(ATP) channels. Another agonist that potentiates insulin secretion and electrical activity in normal cells, the tumor-promoting phorbol ester TPA, blocked maxi-K(V) channel activity while stimulating the activity of the K(ATP) channel, thereby implicating phosphorylation in the control of channel activity. These results indicate that metabolic substrates that initiate electrical activity and insulin secretion in normal beta cells reduce the activity of both the K(ATP) and the maxi-K(V) channel, while potentiating agents reduce only the maxi-K(V) channel. The possible role of these two channels in the processes of initiation and potentiation of the beta cell response is discussed. 相似文献
5.
A. Basem F. Gardini † A. Paparella ‡ Maria Elisabetta Guerzoni † 《Letters in applied microbiology》1992,14(6):255-259
An instrumental method for the rapid determination of total mesophilic bacteria and total coliforms in hamburgers is described. The two procedures are based on the gas chromatographic determination of metabolic CO2 in equilibrium in the head space of sealed vials containing suitable media and inoculated with aliquots of the sample under examination. Both procedures proved to be suitable for quality control of meat products, being highly sensitive, reproducible, simple and rapid. Good correlation coefficients were obtained with plate counting for microbial concentrations ranging between 101 and 108 . 相似文献
6.
7.
Claudio Fortis Elisabetta Ferrero Mauro Biffi Silvia Heltai Carlo Besana Eraldo Bucci Moreno Tresoldi Claudio Rugarli 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1991,34(2):128-132
Summary Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines can be grouped according to phenotypic characteristics. Group I cells exhibit the phenotype of resting B cells and grow as single cells. Such lines can be Epstein-Barr-virus(EBV)-negative or -positive. Group II and group III cells are always EBV-positive, they express B cell activation markers, grow in aggregates and resemble in varying degrees lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). We studied three groups of BL lines for their capacity to interact with allogeneic lymphocytes. The results showed that as long as the lines have the group I phenotype, they do not stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes irrespective whether they carry the EBV genome. The group II and III cells are stimulatory. Generally there was no correlation between sensitivity to lymphocyte-mediated lysis and the phenotype of the lines. In one set of lines, the group I cells had higher sensitivity to both natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer effectors compared to the group II or III lines. However, such correlation could not be seen with the other two sets of lines. Among the phenotypic features investigated, expression of the adhesion molecules LFA-1 and LFA-3 correlated with the tendency for cell aggregation. 相似文献
8.
Coupling between fluxes in one-particle pores with fluctuating energy profiles. A theoretical study. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
S Ciani 《Biophysical journal》1984,46(2):249-252
We show theoretically that extending pore models to allow for fluctuations between configurations with different energy profiles results in the prediction of coupling between fluxes and forces of different species diffusing through singly occupied pores. Considering the case of a one-site, two-barrier pore capable of existing in two states, and using Eyring rate theory to describe the translocation of two permeant species, the flux of each is found to be linked to the driving force of the other via cross coefficients that are given as explicit functions of concentrations and potential, and that obey Onsager's relations when the system is near equilibrium. Conditions for the existence of coupling are that both states of the channel be permeable to both diffusing species and that the peaks of the two energy barrier shift by different amounts during the state transition of the pore. Some implications of this model on phenomena of biological interest are discussed briefly. 相似文献
9.
A system composed of two ionic solutions, solution () and solution (), which are isotonic and separated by a membrane permeable to the solvent and to at most two of the ionic components present in the solutions, is considered. The variations of the difference of electric potential between solution () and solution (), in the steady state and for zero electric current, corresponding to variations in the composition of e.g. solution (), are found to depend only on the properties of the membrane phase at the boundary with solution (). This result is deducible under loose assumptions as to the dependence of the properties of transport and absorption of the permeant components in the membrane on their activities in solution. It can therefore be particularly useful for the study of systems, like biological membranes, whose structural and chemical composition is so poorly known that any assumption about that dependence is hardly justifiable. 相似文献
10.