Phospholipase A2 inhibitors from marine algae

Twelve out of twenty-nine compounds isolated from benthic marine algae from the phyla Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta have been found to be potent inhibitors of bee venom derived phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) (> 50%) in the M range. The compounds investigated were from: Bryopsis pennata, Rhipocephalus phoenix, Caulerpa prolifera, C. racemosa, C. bikinensis, Cymopolia barbata, Laurencia cf. palisada, Laurencia sp., Ochtodes crockeri, Liagora farinosa, Sphaerococcus coronipifolius, Phacelocarpus labillardieri, Dictyota sp., B furcaria galapagensis, Stypopodium zonale, Dictyopteris undulata, Stoechospermum marginatum, Dictyopteris divaricata, Dilophus fasciola and Dilophus sp. This is the first report of bee venom PLA₂ inhibition in vitro by pure compounds isolated from marine algae.     

Bio-availability of phosphorus in sediments of the western Dutch Wadden Sea

The purpose of this study was to make a prognosis of the effects of extended purification of terrestrial waste water, reaching the Wadden Sea by the River Rhine and Lake IJssel, on the phosphate concentration in the western Wadden Sea.The quantities of different phosphorus fractions in intertidal and subtidal sediments of the Marsdiep tidal basin (western Dutch Wadden Sea) were measured. Different methods are applied to determine the amount of phosphorus that can be released from these sediments. The direct bioavailability is determined by inoculating sediment suspensions with a natural mixture of precultured micro-organisms from the sampling area. A second approach is the measurement of the phosphate release under different redox conditions. Sequential extraction of sediment samples with different solvents is also applied. Under the present conditions and compared to the nutrient loads from fresh water (Lake IJssel) and from the North Sea, the phosphorus stored in the sediments of the western Dutch Wadden Sea plays a minor role in the total supply to micro-algae and bacteria. The bulk of the biologically available phosphorus in the sediments originates from the metal-associated fraction. Releasable phosphate may contribute to the local annual primary production to an extent of ca 45 to ca 150 g C m^–2 a^–1. The total amount of phosphorus in the sediment (mainly calcite associated) is twice to 6 times the biologically available amount.     

Chromosomes of the Antarctic amphipod Waldeckia obesa Chevreux

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Antarctic lysianassoid amphipod Waldeckia obesa are described. The modal chromosome number is n = 25 and 2n = 50. The potential applications of cytogenetical studies in this group are discussed.     

Characterization of the non-specific lipid transfer protein EP2 from carrot (Daucus carota L.)

The extracellular protein EP2 was previously identified as non-specific lipid transfer protein based on its cDNA-derived amino acid sequence. Here, the purification of the EP2 protein from the medium of somatic embryo cultures is described. After two cycles of ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography, a single silver-stained protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 10 kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE. This protein band was recognized by the antiserum raised against a EP2--galactosidase fusion-protein. Employing a fluorescent phospholipid analog, it was shown that the purified EP2 protein is capable of binding phospholipids and is able to enhance their transfer between artificial membranes. Employing a gel permeation assay, it could be demonstrated that the EP2 protein is also capable of binding palmitic and oleic acid as well as oleyl-CoA. Because in plants these fatty acids are used as precursor molecules for cutin, these results are in support of the proposed role of the EP2 protein to transport cutin monomers from their site of synthesis through the cell wall of epidermal cells to sites of cutin polymerization.     

High prevalence of a point mutation in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in Dutch patients with acute intermittent porphyria

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by a deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD). Up to now 14 different mutations have been described. In an effort to investigate the molecular epidemiology of AIP we have undertaken a systematic study of different exons of the PBGD gene from a large number of unrelated patients. Here, exon 8 from 82 unrelated Dutch and French AIP patients was examined using single strand confirmation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. A single base mutation, C to T, at position 346 of the sequence coding for PBGD was observed in 15 Dutch families but in only 1 French family. A simple PCR assay is described to facilitate the diagnosis of this common mutation at the DNA level.