TEB/POLQ plays dual roles in protecting Arabidopsis from NO-induced DNA damage

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in numerous physiological processes. Excessive NO induces DNA damage, but how plants respond to this damage remains unclear. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis NO hypersensitive mutant and found it to be allelic to TEBICHI/POLQ, encoding DNA polymerase θ. The teb mutant plants were preferentially sensitive to NO- and its derivative peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and subsequent double-strand breaks (DSBs). Inactivation of TEB caused the accumulation of spontaneous DSBs largely attributed to endogenous NO and was synergistic to DSB repair pathway mutations with respect to growth. These effects were manifested in the presence of NO-inducing agents and relieved by NO scavengers. NO induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in the teb mutant, indicative of stalled replication forks. Genetic analyses indicate that Polθ is required for translesion DNA synthesis across NO-induced lesions, but not oxidation-induced lesions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that Polθ bypasses NO-induced base adducts in an error-free manner and generates mutations characteristic of Polθ-mediated end joining. Our experimental data collectively suggests that Polθ plays dual roles in protecting plants from NO-induced DNA damage. Since Polθ is conserved in higher eukaryotes, mammalian Polθ may also be required for balancing NO physiological signaling and genotoxicity.     

基于NGS的染色质测序在肿瘤研究中的应用

染色质是真核生物细胞核内由核酸和蛋白质组成的复合结构,有着精密且复杂的三维结构。染色质除基本的DNA序列外,内部还存在着不同化学修饰,DNA-蛋白质相互作用,DNA-DNA相互作用和DNA-RNA相互作用,以上这些若发生改变都可能在肿瘤发生发展过程中起到至关重要的作用。通过不同的染色质测序方法,可以解析出这些改变,并进一步加深研究者对肿瘤形成机制的理解,最终应用于肿瘤的治疗。本文对常见的染色质测序技术部分原理和应用进行综述。     

Analysis of ribosomal DNA restriction patterns in the genusKluyveromyces

Riboprinting was used to determine the relationships among strains belonging to 15 species of the genusKluyveromyces. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) was amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and subjected to a battery of nine restriction enzymes. Similarity coefficients between strains were calculated based on shared and unique restriction fragments. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups that generally correlated with previously reported relationships based on other molecular data. Variations in SSU rDNA restriction fragments may be used for differentiation of theKluyveromyces strains included in this study.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Lipidomic changes during different growth stages of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF–MS) is a powerful lipidomic tool. In this study, we developed a UPLC/Q-TOF–MS based method to investigate the lipid metabolomic changes in different growth phases of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima. The data classification and biomarker selection were carried out by using multivariate statistical analysis, including principal components analysis (PCA), projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). We discovered that the intercellular lipid metabolites were significantly different among exponential, early stationary and late stationary phases. Thirty-one lipid molecules were selected and identified as putative biomarkers, including free fatty acid, Harderoporphyrin, phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-diacyglycerl-3-O-4′-(N,N-trimethy)-homoserine, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, lyso-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and lyso-digalactosyldiacylglycerol. These lipids have been shown previously to function in energy storage, membrane stability and photosynthesis efficiency during the growth of diatoms. Further analysis on the putative biomarkers demonstrated that nitrate starvation played critical role in the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase in N. closterium. This study is the first one to explore the lipidomic changes of microalgae in different growth phases, which promotes better understanding of their physiology and ecology.     

Effects of lipopolysaccharide on glial phenotype and activity of glutamate transporters: Evidence for delayed up-regulation and redistribution of GLT-1

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are responsible for homeostasis of extracellular L-glutamate, and the glial transporters are functionally dominant. EAAT expression or function is altered in acute and chronic neurological conditions, but little is known about the regulation of EAATs in reactive astroglia found in such neuropathologies. These studies examined the effects of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on glial EAATs in vitro. The effects of LPS (1 microg/ml, 24-72 h) on EAAT activity and expression were examined in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. [(3)H]D-aspartate uptake increased to 129% of control by 72 h treatment with LPS. Saturation analysis revealed that apparent K(m) was unchanged whilst V(max) was significantly increased to 172% of control by 72 h LPS treatment. Biotinylation and Western blotting indicated that cell-surface expression of GLT-1 was significantly elevated (146% control) by LPS treatment whereas GLAST expression was unchanged. Confocal analyses revealed that LPS treatment resulted in cytoskeletal changes and stellation of astrocytes, with rearrangement of F-actin (as shown by phalloidin labelling). Immunocytochemistry revealed clustering of GLAST, and increased expression and redistribution of GLT-1 to the cell-surface following treatment with LPS. Similar experiments were conducted in microglia, where LPS (50 ng/ml) was found to up-regulate expression of GLT-1 at 24 and 72 h in concert with cytoskeletal changes accompanying activation. These findings suggest an association of cytoskeletal changes in glia with EAAT activity, with the predominant adaptation involving up-regulation and redistribution of GLT-1.     

~（60）Co－γ射线诱变柠檬酸产生菌黑曲霉Co9－6的研究

本试验采用￣（６０）Ｃｏ－γ射线对柠檬酸产生菌黑曲霉Ｃｏ９－６进行辐射,经两次处理后选育出Ｌ１２１７和Ｌ８０１两株优良柠檬酸产生菌。中试结果表明菌株Ｌ１２１７较Ｌ８０１更优：产酸率较菌株Ｃｏ９－６提高１７．６％、发酵周期缩短１３．４％、对糖转化率提高１３．３％。     

正交试验优化天麻超声波提取工艺的研究

为了优化天麻素的提取工艺,本研究采用超声法提取天麻素,以天麻素含量为指标,在单因素筛选基础上,采用正交试验优化提取工艺,选择料液比、提取次数和提取时间3个影响因素,每个因素3个水平进行正交试验。结果表明,最优提取工艺组合为:提取时间20min、料液比1∶15和提取次数2次;按照此工艺平行制备3批样品,天麻素的提取率为(0.339±0.13)%。     

精胺和Mg~（2＋）对tRNA~（Ile）圆二向色谱的影响

由于精胺（ｓｐｅｒｍｉｎｅ）能特异地刺激哺乳动物ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）的氨基酰化,本文用纯化的牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）观察了精胺和Ｍｇ（２＋）对ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）ＣＤ光谱的影响。结果显示：Ｍｇ（２＋）可使牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）ＣＤ光谱峰向短波方向偏移２ｎｍ,波峰为２６３ｎｍ,峰值被增大约１０％,ΔθＭｇ（２＋）＝２．３×１０３ｄｅｇ·ｃｍ２／ｄｍｏｌ;而精胺使牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）ＣＤ光谱峰减少４０％,Δθｓｐｅｒｍｉｎｅ＝１×１０（－４）ｄｅｇ·ｃｍ２／ｄｍｏｌ;精胺和Ｍｇ（２＋）对肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）－ＩｌｅＲＳ复合物或ＩｌｅＲＳ的ＣＤ光谱基本无影响。表明Ｍｇ（２＋）和精胺可影响牛肝ｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）的构象。实验同时以酵母ｔＲＮＡ（Ｐｈｅ）和Ｅ·ｃｏｌｉｔＲＮＡ~（Ｉｌｅ）作为对照。