Programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene haplotypes and susceptibility of patients to basal cell carcinoma

Molecular Biology Reports - Programmed death-1 (PD-1), as an immunoinhibitory receptor encoded by programmed cell death-1 (PDCD1) gene, has a pivotal role in tolerance to self-antigens. Mutations...     

Metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity during flower development in Agastache rugosa

Our previous study showed that flowers of Agastache rugosa had higher phenolic levels and higher antibacterial and antioxidant capacity compared to those of the leaves and stems. The aim of this study was to provide information on the variation in primary and secondary metabolites during flower development in A. rugosa by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and assays of total anthocyanin (TAC), flavonoid (TFC), and phenolic content (TPC), as well as gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) analysis. Assays of TPC, TAC, and TFC showed that the floral bud (stage I) contained higher TPC than did the partially open flower (stage II) and fully open flower (stage III). However, the TFC was the highest at stage II, and the highest TAC was observed at stage III. Furthermore, HPLC analysis revealed that the level of total phenylpropanoids, including rosmarinic acid, tilianin, acacetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, and kaempferol, was higher in stages I and II, but the concentrations of rutin and rosmarinic acid were highest in stage III. A total of 43 compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, phenolic compounds, sugars, photorespiration-related compounds, and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were identified through GC-TOFMS analysis. Of these compounds, most amino acids decreased during flower development. In contrast, the increase in concentrations of glucose and sucrose were observed from stages I to III. In this study, health-beneficial compounds were identified and quantified in flowers of A. rugosa. Accordingly, our results suggests that A. rugosa flowers can potentially be used as biomaterials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and related industries.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s12298-021-00945-z).     

Germplasm evaluation of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) for alternative biomass for cellulosic ethanol production

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is an annual fiber crop grown mainly in India and China. This crop is becoming a new bio‐based energy source because of its fast growth rate, excellent CO₂ absorption ability, and large productivity per unit area. In this study, we evaluated 10 different cultivars of kenaf for their potential as biomass for cellulosic ethanol production. First, kenaf samples were hydrolyzed using dilute sulfuric acid, which is the most simple and cost‐effective pretreatment method. Next, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the hydrolysates were performed by wild‐type and engineered xylose‐fermenting yeast strains. The results of compositional analysis of the biomass, the hydrolysates, and the fermented products suggested that ethanol yield and productivity were significantly affected by a type of kenaf cultivars, which was not predictable based on the biomass compositions. Also, the ethanol production was maximized when the xylose fraction was utilized by engineered yeast under the control of pH to avoid acetate inhibition. Considering the sugar compositions and their fermentability, kenaf can be a promising energy‐dedicated crop for cellulosic ethanol production.     

Incidence,Predictive Factors,and Clinical Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury after Gastric Surgery for Gastric Cancer

Background

Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI), a serious surgical complication, is common after cardiac surgery; however, reports on AKI after noncardiac surgery are limited. We sought to determine the incidence and predictive factors of AKI after gastric surgery for gastric cancer and its effects on the clinical outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of 4718 patients with normal renal function who underwent partial or total gastrectomy for gastric cancer between June 2002 and December 2011. Postoperative AKI was defined by serum creatinine change, as per the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guideline.

Results

Of the 4718 patients, 679 (14.4%) developed AKI. Length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission rates, and in-hospital mortality rate (3.5% versus 0.2%) were significantly higher in patients with AKI than in those without. AKI was also associated with requirement of renal replacement therapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender; hypertension; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; hypoalbuminemia (<4 g/dl); use of diuretics, vasopressors, and contrast agents; and packed red blood cell transfusion were independent predictors for AKI after gastric surgery. Postoperative AKI and vasopressor use entailed a high risk of 3-month mortality after multiple adjustments.

Conclusions

AKI was common after gastric surgery for gastric cancer and associated with adverse outcomes. We identified several factors associated with postoperative AKI; recognition of these predictive factors may help reduce the incidence of AKI after gastric surgery. Furthermore, postoperative AKI in patients with gastric cancer is an important risk factor for short-term mortality.     

Circulating Methylated Septin 9 Nucleic Acid in the Plasma of Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer in the Stomach and Colon

BACKGROUND: Methylated Septin 9 (mSEPT9) in plasma has recently been suggested as a screening marker for colorectal cancer (CRC) with variable sensitivity. We aimed to determine the usefulness of plasma mSEPT9 for screening CRC and gastric cancer (GC) and its diagnostic role in postoperative CRC patients. METHODS: A total of 350 peripheral blood samples from 101 CRC patients, 153 GC patients, and 96 healthy persons were collected. In addition, we obtained 35 follow-up blood samples from 27 CRC patients after curative radical surgery. Plasma mSEPT9, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and serum CA19-9 were evaluated with clinicopathologic features. RESULTS: The sensitivity of plasma mSEPT9 was 36.6% for detecting CRC and 17.7% for detecting GC, and the specificity was 90.6%. During follow-up periods, mSEPT9 showed negative conversion in eight of nine CRC patients (88.9%) whose plasma mSEPT9 had been positive before radical surgery. The patients with plasma mSEPT9 had a tendency of presence of distant metastasis and lower disease-free survival in both CRC and GC. In GC patients, plasma mSEPT9 was more frequently observed in intestinal (23.5%) and mixed type (40.0%) than diffuse type (7.3%; P =.009). Combined analysis of mSEPT9, CEA, and CA19-9 increased the sensitivity for diagnosing GC to 32.7% (P = .002). CONCLUSION: Considering the high incidence of plasma mSEPT9 in intestinal or mixed type GCs similar to CRCs, GC should be examined through the plasma mSEPT9 screening test. In addition, plasma mSEPT9 is proposed as a follow-up marker in CRC patients, but further validation is required.     

Probiotics L. plantarum and L. curvatus in Combination Alter Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Suppress Diet‐Induced Obesity

Objective: To determine the effects of naturally derived probiotic strains individually or combination on a short‐term diet‐induced obesity model. Design and Methods: C57BL/6J mice (n = 50) were randomly divided into five groups, then fed a high‐fat high‐cholesterol diet (HFCD), HFCD and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 (PL, 10¹⁰cfu/day), HFCD and Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 (CU, 10¹⁰cfu/day), HFCD and in combination with PL+CU (10¹⁰cfu/day), or a normal diet (ND) for 9 weeks. Results: PL and CU showed distinct and shared metabolic activity against a panel of 50 carbohydrates. Fat accumulation in adipose tissue and liver was significantly reduced by probiotic strains CU or PL+CU. Probiotic strains CU or PL+CU reduced cholesterol in plasma and liver, while PL+CL had a synergistic effect on hepatic triglycerides. Probiotic strains PL+CU combination was more effective for inhibiting gene expressions of various fatty acid synthesis enzymes in the liver, concomitant with decreases in fatty acid oxidation‐related enzyme activities and their gene expressions. Conclusions: Multi‐strain probiotics may prove more beneficial than single‐strain probiotics to combat fat accumulation and metabolic alterations in diet‐induced obesity.     

Metabolomic Analysis and Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis in Hairy Root Culture of Tartary Buckwheat Cultivars

Buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn., is an important medicinal plant, which contains several phenolic compounds, including one of the highest content of rutin, a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory properties. An experiment was conducted to investigate the level of expression of various genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway to analyze in vitro production of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds from hairy root cultures derived from 2 cultivars of tartary buckwheat (Hokkai T8 and T10). A total of 47 metabolites were identified by gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) in order to fully distinguish between Hokkai T8 and T10 hairy roots. The expression levels of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes, through qRT-PCR, showed higher expression for almost all the genes in T10 than T8 hairy root except for FtF3’H-2 and FtFLS-2. Rutin, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2 anthocyanin compounds were identified in Hokkai T8 and T10 hairy roots. The concentration of rutin and anthocyanin in Hokkai T10 hairy roots of tartary buckwheat was several-fold higher compared with that obtained from Hokkai T8 hairy root. This study provides useful information on the molecular and physiological dynamic processes that are correlated with phenylpropanoid biosynthetic gene expression and phenolic compound content in F. tataricum species.     

An efficient protocol for genetic transformation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platycodon grandiflorum</Emphasis> with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</Emphasis>

The balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) is a popular traditional medicinal plant used in Korea to treat conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Recently, immunopharmacological research identified triterpenoid and saponin as important active compounds in P. grandiflorum. To study and extract these compounds and other metabolites from P. grandiflorum, a technique was developed for producing hairy root cultures, which are a reliable source of plant compounds. To achieve this, the activity of Agrobacterium rhizogenes was exploited, which can transfer DNA segments into plant genomes after infecting them. In this study, the A. rhizogenes strain R1000 was determined that had the highest infection frequency (87.5%) and induced the most hairy roots per plant, and the concentration of antibiotics (75 mg/l kanamycin) was elucidated for selection after transformation. Wild-type and transgenic hairy roots contained various phenolic compounds, although both of them had similar concentrations of phenolic compounds. In the future, the protocols described here should be useful for studying and extracting valuable metabolites such as phenolic compounds from P. grandiflorum hairy root cultures.     

KAI1/CD82 decreases Rac1 expression and cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in H1299 lung carcinoma cells

Although the KAI1/CD82 protein has been reported to inhibit cell metastasis in many studies, its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of KAI1/CD82 on the metastatic phenotype in H1299 lung carcinoma cells. These studies were based on the pivotal role that the acquisition of motile phenotype plays on the initial steps of metastasis. KAI1/CD82‐mediated morphological changes were observed using phase contrast microscopy. We report here, that a KAI1/CD82‐induced phenotypic change was involved in the decrease of Rac1 expression and GTPase activity. However, we found that KAI1/CD82 did not regulate Rac1 mRNA levels. This suggests the existence of another regulatory mechanism of Rac1 protein maturation or activation. To identify the signaling pathway of Rac1 regulation, we investigated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, since the PI3K/Akt pathway regulates Rac1 activation and mTOR is known to play a regulatory role in protein translation. H1299/CD82‐transfectants showed lower mTOR expression and cell growth than the control group. The data obtained from this study suggested that KAI1/CD82 decreased the metastatic phenotype of H1299 lung carcinoma cells by down‐regulating Rac1 expression through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.