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11.
True endomitosis in the anther tapetum of the liliaceous plant Eremurus is described. The nuclear membrane does not disappear, but during metaphase the chromosomes are condensed, often considerably more than in normal mitosis. When the pollen mother cells (PMCs) go through the last premeiotic mitosis, the tapetal cells have one diploid nucleus which divides while the cell remains undivided. The two diploid nuclei may undergo an endomitosis and the resulting tetraploid nuclei a second endomitosis. An alternative pathway is an ordinary mitosis—again without cell division—instead of one of the endomitotic cycles. The cytological picture in the tapetum is further complicated by restitution in anaphase and fusion of metaphase and anaphase groups during mitosis, processes which could give rise to cells with one, two, or three nuclei, instead of the expected two or four. No sign of the so-called “inhibited” mitosis is seen in these tapetal cells. When the PMCs are in leptotene-zygotene, very few tapetal nuclei are in endomitosis. When the PMCs have reached diplotene, almost 100% of cells which are not in interphase show an endomitotic stage. 相似文献
12.
Eeva Levonen-Munoz Derek H. Bone Andrew J. Daugulis 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1983,18(2):120-123
Summary Seventee white-rot and brown-rot fungi were screened for their ability to fractionate the lignocellulose structure of oat straw through the preferential attack of lignin or cellulose. Fermentations were carried out under solid-state conditions with 25 g quantities of straw. The fermented straw was analyzed for weight loss, Klason lignin loss and cellulase digestion. All the fungi attacked both lignin and carbohydrate fractions causing 3–28% weight losses and 26–34 g/100 g enzymatic digestibility. Polyporus
tulipiferae, Phanerochaete
chrysosporium and Polyporus sp. were tested for the effects of various nitrogen, phosphate and carbon levels, incubation temperatures and incubation time. The three fungi had different responses to these factors. 相似文献
13.
Summary Our working hypothesis is that the Q-darker human chromosome segments have higher gene densities than the bright regions. Especially prominent in this respect are six hot spots, the short Q-dark regions in 3p, 6p, 11q, 12q, 17q, and 19 (p or q), which have been chosen because their density of mitotic chiasmata is above 5. Chromosomes with gene-rich segments would act as trisomy lethals in very early embryos, whose spontaneous abortions would not be recognized. Containing active genes, the regions would be looped out in interphase and thus be more easily available for mitotic pairing and crossing-over.To test this hypothesis, correlations and partial correlations of the following parameters have been determined: the density of mitotic chiasmata, the number and density of localized genes, the incidence of trisomic abortions, the length of chromosomes, and their Q-brightness. Overall, the correlations and partial correlations agree with, but do not prove, the working hypothesis. Far stronger evidence for our hypothesis comes from the highly significant negative effect of hot spots on trisomic abortions which would act as a kind of trisomy lethal. The gene numbers on the hot-spot chromosomes as compared with the controls, on the other hand, are in the right direction, but the difference is not significant.This is paper No. 2161 from the Genetics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin. It was supported by National Institutes of Health (Washington) grants GM 22881, GM 15422-09, and, to Dr. Hans Ris, GM 04738; by grant IN-35P from the American Cancer Society, and by the U. W. Graduate Research Committee (Grant 101-4403). The photography was done by Mr. Walter Kugler, Jr. 相似文献
14.
Judith Morales Suvi Ruuskanen Toni Laaksonen Tapio Eeva Rafael Mateo Eugen Belskii Elena V. Ivankina Antero Järvinen Anvar Kerimov Erkki Korpimäki Indrikis Krams Raivo Mänd Chiara Morosinotto Markku Orell Anna Qvarnström Heli Siitari Fred M. Slater Vallo Tilgar Marcel E. Visser Wolfgang Winkel Herwig Zang Juan Moreno 《Journal of avian biology》2013,44(2):111-120
The expression and impact of maternal effects may vary greatly between populations and environments. However, little is known about large‐scale geographical patterns of variation in maternal deposition to eggs. In birds, as in other oviparous animals, the outermost maternal component of an egg is the shell, which protects the embryo, provides essential mineral resources and allows its interaction with the environment in the form of gas exchange. In this study, we explored variation of eggshell traits (mass, thickness, pore density and pigmentation) across 15 pied flycatcher populations at a large geographic scale. We found significant between‐population variation in all eggshell traits, except in pore density, suggesting spatial variation in their adaptive benefits or in the females’ physiological limitations during egg laying. Between‐ population variation in shell structure was not due to geographic location (latitude and longitude) or habitat type. However, eggshells were thicker in populations that experienced higher ambient temperature during egg laying. This could be a result of maternal resource allocation to the shell being constrained under low temperatures or of an adaptation to reduce egg water loss under high temperatures. We also found that eggshell colour intensity was positively associated with biliverdin pigment concentration, shell thickness and pore density. To conclude, our findings reveal large‐ scale between‐population variation of eggshell traits, although we found little environmental dependency in their expression. Our findings call for further studies that explore other environmental factors (e.g. calcium availability and pollution levels) and social factors like sexual selection intensity that may account for differences in shell structure between populations. 相似文献
15.
Eeva M. Soininen Virve T. Ravolainen Kari Anne Br?then Nigel G. Yoccoz Ludovic Gielly Rolf A. Ims 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
The ecology of small rodent food selection is poorly understood, as mammalian herbivore food selection theory has mainly been developed by studying ungulates. Especially, the effect of food availability on food selection in natural habitats where a range of food items are available is unknown. We studied diets and selectivity of grey-sided voles (Myodes rufocanus) and tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus), key herbivores in European tundra ecosystems, using DNA metabarcoding, a novel method enabling taxonomically detailed diet studies. In order to cover the range of food availabilities present in the wild, we employed a large-scale study design for sampling data on food availability and vole diets. Both vole species had ingested a range of plant species and selected particularly forbs and grasses. Grey-sided voles also selected ericoid shrubs and tundra voles willows. Availability of a food item rarely affected its utilization directly, although seasonal changes of diets and selection suggest that these are positively correlated with availability. Moreover, diets and selectivity were affected by availability of alternative food items. These results show that the focal sub-arctic voles have diverse diets and flexible food preferences and rarely compensate low availability of a food item with increased searching effort. Diet diversity itself is likely to be an important trait and has previously been underrated owing to methodological constraints. We suggest that the roles of alternative food item availability and search time limitations for small rodent feeding ecology should be investigated.
Nomenclature
Annotated Checklist of the Panarctic Flora (PAF), Vascular plants. Available at: http://nhm2.uio.no/paf/, accessed 15.6.2012. 相似文献16.
17.
Vegetation structure and photosynthesis respond rapidly to restoration in young coastal fens
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Anna M. Laine Anne Tolvanen Lauri Mehtätalo Eeva‐Stiina Tuittila 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(19):6880-6891
Young coastal fens are rare ecosystems in the first stages of peatland succession. Their drainage compromises their successional development toward future carbon (C) reservoirs. We present the first study on the success of hydrological restoration of young fens. We carried out vegetation surveys at six young fens that represent undrained, drained, and restored management categories in the Finnish land uplift coast before and after restoration. We measured plant level carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) from 17 most common plant species present at the sites. Within 5 years of restoration, the vegetation composition of restored sites had started to move toward the undrained baseline. The cover of sedges increased the most in response to restoration, while the cover of deciduous shrubs decreased the most. The rapid response indicates high resilience and low resistance of young fen ecosystems toward changes in hydrology. Forbs had higher photosynthetic and respiration rates than sedges, deciduous shrubs, and grasses, whereas rates were lowest for evergreen shrubs and mosses. The impact of management category on CO2 assimilation was an indirect consequence that occurred through changes in plant species composition: Increase in sedge cover following restoration also increased the potential photosynthetic capacity of the ecosystem. Synthesis and applications. Restoration of forestry drained young fens is a promising method for safeguarding them and bringing back their function as C reservoirs. However, their low resistance to water table draw down introduces a risk that regeneration may be partially hindered by the heavy drainage in the surrounding landscape. Therefore, restoration success is best safeguarded by managing the whole catchments instead of carrying out small‐scale projects. 相似文献
18.
Richard M. Franklin Lyman R. Emmons Rebecca P. Emmons Osamu Kai Anna Oommen J. Richard Pink Anne-Marie Rijnbeek Marianne Schnetzler Leena Tuderman Eeva Vainio 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》1984,24(1):1-14
X3, a monoclonal antibody of unusual specificity, is described. This antibody reacts with one or more cytokeratin polypeptides and also reacts with an avian (chicken, quail) nuclear antigen that appears to be present in all cell types (chicken) tested, although with variable staining pattern and intensity. This antigen is distinct from the cytokeratins but does have an epitope in common with this class of proteins. It disappears from the nucleus during the early stages of cell division and reappears during anaphase as a granular cytoplasmic structure. In late telophase the antigen is relocated in the nucleus. This antigen, which we have designated as avian-specific nuclear antigen (AVNA), is not associated with chromatin or ribonucleoproteins. From immunoblotting experiments on chicken fibroblast nuclei, AVNA is probably a complex composed of one or several polypeptides, one of which has a molecular weight of approximately 60 kD. The proteins were identified as nuclear matrix proteins rather than pore complex-lamina proteins by immunoblotting experiments on the purified nuclear matrix of chicken erythrocytes. The major polypeptide had a molecular weight of 60 kD and the minor polypeptide a molecular weight of 69 kD. 相似文献
19.
Klaus Patau Eeva Therman Stanley L. Inhorn David W. Smith Aubrey L. Ruess 《Chromosoma》1961,12(1):573-584
Summary One of the autosomes of the C group (6–12), C, can sometimes be identified by a secondary constriction.A mother and her daughter, both afflicted with the oral-facialdigital (OPD) syndrome, are shown to be partially trisomic for an inner segment of C, this segment having been inserted into chromosome 1. The other chromosome 1, the two chromosomes C, and the rest of the complement of 46 chromosomes appear normal.In four other OFD patients no chromosomal abnormality was detected. Nonetheless, it is concluded that the OFD syndrome is generally caused by partial trisomy for a specific region of C. The presence of the inserted extra segment would usually escape microscopical detection.The present work was supported by grant C-3313 from the U.S. Public Health Service. 相似文献
20.
Nguyen HP Seto NO Cai Y Leinala EK Borisova SN Palcic MM Evans SV 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(49):49191-49195
Human ABO(H) blood group glycosyltransferases GTA and GTB catalyze the final monosaccharide addition in the biosynthesis of the human A and B blood group antigens. GTA and GTB utilize a common acceptor, the H antigen disaccharide alpha-l-Fucp-(1-->2)-beta-d-Galp-OR, but different donors, where GTA transfers GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc and GTB transfers Gal from UDP-Gal. GTA and GTB are two of the most homologous enzymes known to transfer different donors and differ in only 4 amino acid residues, but one in particular (Leu/Met-266) has been shown to dominate the selection between donor sugars. The structures of the A and B glycosyltransferases have been determined to high resolution in complex with two inhibitory acceptor analogs alpha-l-Fucp(1-->2)-beta-d-(3-deoxy)-Galp-OR and alpha-l-Fucp-(1-->2)-beta-d-(3-amino)-Galp-OR, in which the 3-hydroxyl moiety of the Gal ring has been replaced by hydrogen or an amino group, respectively. Remarkably, although the 3-deoxy inhibitor occupies the same conformation and position observed for the native H antigen in GTA and GTB, the 3-amino analog is recognized differently by the two enzymes. The 3-amino substitution introduces a novel intramolecular hydrogen bond between O2' on Fuc and N3' on Gal, which alters the minimum-energy conformation of the inhibitor. In the absence of UDP, the 3-amino analog can be accommodated by either GTA or GTB with the l-Fuc residue partially occupying the vacant UDP binding site. However, in the presence of UDP, the analog is forced to abandon the intramolecular hydrogen bond, and the l-Fuc residue is shifted to a less ordered conformation. Further, the residue Leu/Met-266 that was thought important only in distinguishing between donor substrates is observed to interact differently with the 3-amino acceptor analog in GTA and GTB. These observations explain why the 3-deoxy analog acts as a competitive inhibitor of the glycosyltransferase reaction, whereas the 3-amino analog displays complex modes of inhibition. 相似文献