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41.
The efflux of K+ and Na+ from sea urchin eggs during Ca2+ ionophore A23187-induced parthenogenesis was studied in a K+ and Na+-free artificial seawater using extracellular ion-specific electrodes. We have probed this model system with monovalent cation-specific ionophores to determine if they affect K+ efflux in the unfertilized egg and whether any changes in ionophore sensitivity are observed during egg activation. In 500 mM choline chloride, 10 mM CaCl2, 50 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, A23187 induced a rapid efflux of K+ and Na+ from the eggs after a short lag time (10–15 seconds). After the burst, the rate of K+ efflux remained higher than the pre-activation rate, but was lower than during the burst phase, while the rate of Na+ efflux became nearly zero. Monovalent cation-specific ionophores (valinomycin, gramicidin and nigericin) had no effect on K+ efflux from the unfertilized eggs in our model system. However, once the egg was activated by A23187, each of the above ionophores caused a prolongation of the burst phase for many minutes. These results show that the unfertilized egg plasma membrane (using our artificial conditions) is not susceptible to the monovalent cation-specific antibiotics and suggest that either the inserted cortical granule membrane or the developing fertilization envelope interacts with these ionophores to cause the change in rate-limiting step for K+ efflux observed egg activation. 相似文献
42.
Shirley P. Schwarz Dr. Edward B. Blanchard Debra F. Neff 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1986,11(3):189-198
Sixteen clients afflicted with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were reassessed 1 year following completion of a multicomponent treatment package incorporating progressive muscle relaxation, thermal biofeedback, cognitive therapy, and IBS education. For the 14 patients who kept a 2-week symptom diary, significant reductions in ratings of abdominal pain and tenderness, diarrhea, and flatulence were obtained comparing pretreatment and follow-up symptom-diary ratings. Eleven of 14 clients were improved over pretreatment levels, 57% met the criteria for clinical improvement of at least a 50% reduction in major symptom scores, and all but 1 of 16 rated themselves as subjectively improved. 相似文献
43.
44.
Summary Both simultaneous and consecutive mechanisms for Na+–Ca++ exchange are formulated and the associated systems of steady-state equations are solved numerically, and the net and unidirectional Ca++ fluxes computed for a variety of ionic and electrical boundary conditions. A simultaneous mechanism is shown to be consistent with a broad range of experimental data from the squid giant axon, cardiac muscle and isolated sarcolemmal vesicles. In this mechanism, random binding of three Na+ ions and one Ca++ on apposing sides of a membrane are required before a conformational change can occur, translocating the binding sites to the opposite sides of the membranes. A similar (return) translocation step is also permitted if all the sites are empty. None of the other states of binding can undergo such translocating conformational changes. The resulting reaction scheme has 22 reaction steps involving 16 ion-binding intermediates. The voltage dependence of the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction, required by the 31 Na+Ca++ stoichiometry was obtained by multiplying and dividing, respectively, the forward and reverse rate constants of one of the translocational steps by exp(–FV/2RT). With reasonable values for the membrane density of the enzyme (120 sites m2) and an upper limit for the rate constants of both translocational steps of 105·sec–1, satisfactory behavior was obtainable with identical binding constants for Ca++ on the two sides of the membrane (106
m
–1), similar symmetry also being assumed for the Na+ binding constant (12 to 60m
–1). Introduction of order into the ion-binding process eliminates behavior that is consistent with experimental findings. 相似文献
45.
Computer-Assisted Image Analysis of Plant Growth, Thigmomorphogenesis, and Gravitropism 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Mordecai J. Jaffe Andrew H. Wakefield Frank Telewski Edward Gulley Ronald Biro 《Plant physiology》1985,77(3):722-730
A nonintrusive auxonometric system, based on the DARWIN image processor (Telewski et al. 1983 Plant Physiol 72: 177-181), is described and demonstrated in the analysis of gravitropism and thigmomorphogenesis in corn seedlings (Zea mays). Using this system, growth and bending of regularly shaped plants or organs can be quickly and accurately measured without, in any way, interfering with the plant. Furthermore, the growth and bending curves are automatically plotted. Thigmomorphogenesis in the aerial part of corn seedlings involves growth promotion at a low force load and growth retardation at higher force loads. The time courses of the two kinds of response are somewhat different, with retardation occurring immeditely after mechanical perturbation and growth promotion taking somewhat longer to begin. Gravitropic experiments show that when dark-grown corn seedlings are placed on their side in the light, the resulting curvature is due to two consecutive morphological mechanisms. In the first instance, lasting for about 15 minutes, the elongation of the bottom edge of the plant accelerates, while the elongation of the top edge remains constant. After that, for the next 1.75 hours, the elongation of the top edge decelerates and stops while that of the bottom edge remains constant at the increased rate for most of the period. The measurements taken from both experiments at relatively high resolution (0.08-0.1 millimeter) show that the growth curves are not smooth but show many small irregularities which may or may not involve micronutations. 相似文献
46.
In Mono Lake (California), a large saline lake, chlorophyll concentrations in the euphotic zone increased from 4 to 45 µg l–1 between July and October 1979. These seasonal changes in chlorophyll are detectable on imagery obtained with the multispectral scanner on Landsat. Computer-compatible tapes of Landsat images were normalized for solar zenith and corrected for atmospheric scatter and absorption to obtain Landsat band 4 emittances (W m–2 str–1) of 13.4 ± 0.5 when chlorophyll was 4 µg l–1 and 4.6 ± 0.3 when chlorophyll was 45 µg l–1. Lake wide, spatial heterogeneity of chlorophyll of 2 µg l–1 in July and 8 µg l–1 in October was not detectable on the Landsat imagery. 相似文献
47.
Dr. Edward B. Blanchard James Jaccard Frank Andrasik Patricia Guarnieri Susan E. Jurish 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1985,10(1):63-68
Comparisons are made of self-reported medical costs from a sample of headache patients who underwent various combinations of relaxation training and biofeedback training. The average costs for the 2 years prior to self-regulatory treatment were $955±480 (3 SEM) for 45 patients; for the 2 years after completing treatment the average costs were $52±28 (3 SEM) for patients. Within the limitations of the study, medical costs do seem to have been markedly reduced.This research was supported by a grant from NINCDS, NS-15235. 相似文献
48.
49.
The effect of phorbol myristate acetate, phorbol dibutyrate, ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, phenol, and seven metabolites of phenol on metabolic cooperation were assessed as a function of mutant cell recovery from populations of cocultivated hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient mutant (HGPRT–) and wild-type (HGPRT+) Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblasts. Phorbol myristate acetate and phorbol diputyrate, two established tumor promoters, were potent inhibitors of metabolic cooperation. Ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide, solvents commonly used to prepare chemicals for testing, weakly inhibited metabolic cooperation. Phenol and phenylglucuronide had no effect on metabolic cooperation. Four oxidative metabolites (1,4-benzoquinone, catechol, hydroxyquinol and quinol) inhibited metabolic cooperation. Phenylsulfate weakly inhibited metabolic cooperation. Conversely, 2-methoxyphenol, a methylated derivative of catechol, appeared to enhance metabolic cooperation. These results generallyAbbreviations CAS
Chemical Abstracts Service
- DMSO
dimethylsulfoxide
- ETOH
ethanol
- HGPRT
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- HGPRT+
HGPRT-competent
- HGPRT–
HGPRT-te]deficient
- MC
metabolic cooperation
- MC+
metabolic cooperation-competent
- MC–
metabolic cooperation-deficient
- MEM
minimum essential medium
- PDBu
phorbol dibutyrate
- PMA
phorbol myristate acetate
- 6TG
6-thioguanine
- 6TGr
6-thioguanine-resistant
- 6TGs
6-thioguanine-sensitive
- V79/MC assay
Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblast assay for metabolic cooperation 相似文献
50.
Cytokinin-induced switch in development in excised cotyledons of radiata pine cultured in vitro 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Victor M. Villalobos Melvin J. Oliver Edward C. Yeung Trevor A. Thorpe 《Physiologia plantarum》1984,61(3):483-489
Cotyledons of Pinus radiata D. Don were cultured under shoot-forming (plus cytokinin) and elongating (minus cytokinin) conditions. Using. autoradiographic and precursor incorporation techniques, the sites and rate of macromolecular synthesis were examined during the first five days in culture. Active incorporation of 3 H-thymidine, 3 H-uridine and 3 H-leucine occurred. In shoot-forming cotyledons the incorporation became preferentially located in the epidermal and sub-epidermal cell layers in contact with the medium. In elongating cotyledons, in contrast, incorporation was randomly distributed, and the amount of incorporation declined with time. Biochemically, differences in DNA, RNA and total protein synthetic patterns were observed. In elongating cotyledons the rates of RNA and protein synthesis were higher during the first 48 h than in shoot-forming tissues, after which the synthetic rates were similar. Two peaks of newly formed DNA were observed in both tissues. These findings indicate that the cytokinin-induced changes in developmental pathways began within 24 h in culture. 相似文献