全文获取类型
收费全文 | 13091篇 |
免费 | 1121篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 84篇 |
2021年 | 167篇 |
2020年 | 88篇 |
2019年 | 146篇 |
2018年 | 131篇 |
2017年 | 117篇 |
2016年 | 262篇 |
2015年 | 451篇 |
2014年 | 499篇 |
2013年 | 693篇 |
2012年 | 820篇 |
2011年 | 839篇 |
2010年 | 532篇 |
2009年 | 509篇 |
2008年 | 725篇 |
2007年 | 733篇 |
2006年 | 640篇 |
2005年 | 703篇 |
2004年 | 678篇 |
2003年 | 615篇 |
2002年 | 608篇 |
2001年 | 115篇 |
2000年 | 96篇 |
1999年 | 121篇 |
1998年 | 171篇 |
1997年 | 112篇 |
1996年 | 104篇 |
1995年 | 91篇 |
1994年 | 92篇 |
1993年 | 88篇 |
1992年 | 96篇 |
1991年 | 86篇 |
1990年 | 82篇 |
1989年 | 70篇 |
1988年 | 75篇 |
1987年 | 84篇 |
1986年 | 86篇 |
1985年 | 81篇 |
1984年 | 123篇 |
1983年 | 99篇 |
1982年 | 123篇 |
1981年 | 130篇 |
1980年 | 144篇 |
1979年 | 111篇 |
1978年 | 103篇 |
1977年 | 108篇 |
1976年 | 85篇 |
1975年 | 84篇 |
1974年 | 93篇 |
1973年 | 74篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
941.
C. Edward Freeman William H. Reid Richard D. Worthington 《American journal of botany》1985,72(11):1662-1667
The nectar-sugar compositions of 338 individuals from 27 populations in two subspecies of Ipomopsis longiflora from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean sucrose compositions of populations ranged from 73.2% to 91.9%, and the standard deviations ranged from 1.9% to 9.1%. Pairs and aggregates of populations were statistically compared. The nectar-sugar compositions of the two subspecies were significantly different as aggregates. Subspecies australis averaged 9.5% fructose, 7.9% glucose, and 82.6% sucrose while subspecies longiflora averaged 7.8% fructose, 5.7% glucose, and 86.5% sucrose. Each subspecies was found to have two groups of populations. Groups of higher sucrose populations were found along the contact zone of the subspecies; away from the contact zone both subspecies had groups of lower sucrose populations. The data show that significant variability exists in this biochemical character, and the pattern of variation is clearly related to the geographic distribution of the populations. The genetic and selective mechanisms involved are unknown. 相似文献
942.
Edward H. Egelman Linda A. Amos 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2009,31(9):909-911
Although negative stain electron microscopy is a wonderfully simple way of directly visualizing protein complexes and other biological macromolecules, the images are not really comparable to those of objects seen in everyday life. The failure to appreciate this has recently led to an incorrect interpretation of RecA‐family filament structures. 相似文献
943.
Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz Edward J. Pavlik Walter T. Smith Robert C. Flanigan J.R. Van Nagell Dawn Ross Daniel E. Kenady 《Inorganica chimica acta》1985,108(2):91-98
The synthesis, chemical characterization and functional evaluation are reported for dichloro(6-aminoethylaminopurine)platinum(II) and dichloro(6-hydroxyethylaminopurine)platinum(II) and dichloro(6-hydroxyethylamethylaminopurine)platinum(II) (i.e. Pt(6-AEAP), Pt(6-HEAP) and Pt(6-MHEAP) new complexes of platinum(II). Certain reaction conditions favored the formation of the tripurine platinum complex, but the monopurine complex could be obtained either by hydrolysis of the tripurine or by reacting at reduced temperature and concentration. Although neither compound was as effective as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (i.e. DDP) at reducing tumor cell viability or proliferation, both were associated with much less renal toxicity than DDP in the mouse kidney (i.e. Pt(6-AEAP):~20 × less; Pt(6-MHEAP): ~100 × less). 相似文献
944.
Edward S Schelegle William F Walby William C Adams 《Journal of applied physiology》2007,102(2):688-697
We examined the time course of O3-induced changes in breathing pattern in 97 healthy human subjects (70 men and 27 women). One- to five-minute averages of breathing frequency (f(B)) and minute ventilation (Ve) were used to generate plots of cumulative breaths and cumulative exposure volume vs. time and cumulative exposure volume vs. cumulative breaths. Analysis revealed a three-phase response; delay, no response detected; onset, f(B) began to increase; response, f(B) stabilized. Regression analysis was used to identify four parameters: time to onset, number of breaths at onset, cumulative inhaled dose of ozone at onset of O3-induced tachypnea, and the percent change in f(B). The effect of altering O3 concentration, Ve, atropine treatment, and indomethacin treatment were examined. We found that the lower the O3 concentration, the greater the number of breaths at onset of tachypnea at a fixed ventilation, whereas number of breaths at onset of tachypnea remains unchanged when Ve is altered and O3 concentration is fixed. The cumulative inhaled dose of O3 at onset of tachypnea remained constant and showed no relationship with the magnitude of percent change in f(B). Atropine did not affect any of the derived parameters, whereas indomethacin did not affect time to onset, number of breaths at onset, or cumulative inhaled dose of O3 at onset of tachypnea but did attenuate percent change in f(B). The results are discussed in the context of dose response and intrinsic mechanisms of action. 相似文献
945.
946.
947.
Nagaphani B. Aetukuri Shintaro Kitajima Edward Jung Leslie E. Thompson Kumar Virwani Maria‐Louisa Reich Miriam Kunze Meike Schneider Wolfgang Schmidbauer Winfried W. Wilcke Donald S. Bethune J. Campbell Scott Robert D. Miller Ho‐Cheol Kim 《Liver Transplantation》2015,5(14)
The use of metallic lithium anodes enables higher energy density and higher specific capacity Li‐based batteries. However, it is essential to suppress lithium dendrite growth during electrodeposition. Li‐ion‐conducting ceramics (LICC) can mechanically suppress dendritic growth but are too fragile and also have low Li‐ion conductivity. Here, a simple, versatile, and scalable procedure for fabricating flexible Li‐ion‐conducting composite membranes composed of a single layer of LICC particles firmly embedded in a polymer matrix with their top and bottom surfaces exposed to allow for ionic transport is described. The membranes are thin (<100 μm) and possess high Li‐ion conductance at thicknesses where LICC disks are mechanically unstable. It is demonstrated that these membranes suppress Li dendrite growth even when the shear modulus of the matrix is lower than that of lithium. It is anticipated that these membranes enable the use of metallic lithium anodes in conventional and solid‐state Li‐ion batteries as well as in future Li? S and Li? O2 batteries. 相似文献
948.
Thomas Flass Suhong Tong Daniel N. Frank Brandie D. Wagner Charles E. Robertson Cassandra Vogel Kotter Ronald J. Sokol Edith Zemanick Frank Accurso Edward J. Hoffenberg Michael R. Narkewicz 《PloS one》2015,10(2)
Methods11 subjects with CFCIR (6 M, 12.8 yrs ± 3.8) and 19 matched with CFnoLIV (10 M, 12.6 yrs ± 3.4) underwent small bowel capsule endoscopy, intestinal permeability testing by urinary lactulose: mannitol excretion ratio, fecal calprotectin determination and fecal microbiome characterization.ResultsCFCIR and CFnoLIV did not differ in key demographics or CF complications. CFCIR had higher GGT (59±51 U/L vs 17±4 p = 0.02) and lower platelet count (187±126 vs 283±60 p = 0.04) and weight (-0.86 ± 1.0 vs 0.30 ± 0.9 p = 0.002) z scores. CFCIR had more severe intestinal mucosal lesions on capsule endoscopy (score ≥4, 4/11 vs 0/19 p = 0.01). Fecal calprotectin was similar between CFCIR and CFnoLIV (166 μg/g ±175 vs 136 ± 193 p = 0.58, nl <120). Lactulose:mannitol ratio was elevated in 27/28 subjects and was slightly lower in CFCIR vs CFnoLIV (0.08±0.02 vs 0.11±0.05, p = 0.04, nl ≤0.03). Small bowel transit time was longer in CFCIR vs CFnoLIV (195±42 min vs 167±68 p<0.001, nl 274 ± 41). Bacteroides were decreased in relative abundance in CFCIR and were associated with lower capsule endoscopy score whereas Clostridium were more abundant in CFCIR and associated with higher capsule endoscopy score.ConclusionsCFCIR is associated with increased intestinal mucosal lesions, slower small bowel transit time and alterations in fecal microbiome. Abnormal intestinal permeability and elevated fecal calprotectin are common in all CF subjects. Disturbances in intestinal function in CF combined with changes in the microbiome may contribute to the development of hepatic fibrosis and intestinal lesions. 相似文献
949.
Florian Willecke Chujun Yuan Kazuhiro Oka Lawrence Chan Yunying Hu Shelley Barnhart Karin E. Bornfeldt Ira J. Goldberg Edward A. Fisher 《PloS one》2015,10(6)
We tested whether a high fat diet (HFD) containing the inflammatory dietary fatty acid palmitate or insulin deficient diabetes altered the remodeling of atherosclerotic plaques in LDL receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice. Cholesterol reduction was achieved by using a helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) carrying the gene for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr; HDAd-LDLR). After injection of the HDAd-LDLR, mice consuming either HFD, which led to insulin resistance but not hyperglycemia, or low fat diet (LFD), showed regression compared to baseline. However there was no difference between the two groups in terms of atherosclerotic lesion size, or CD68+ cell and lipid content. Because of the lack of effects of these two diets, we then tested whether viral-mediated cholesterol reduction would lead to defective regression in mice with greater hyperglycemia. In both normoglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated hyperglycemic mice, HDAd-LDLR significantly reduced plasma cholesterol levels, decreased atherosclerotic lesion size, reduced macrophage area and lipid content, and increased collagen content of plaque in the aortic sinus. However, reductions in anti-inflammatory and ER stress-related genes were less pronounced in STZ-diabetic mice compared to non-diabetic mice. In conclusion, HDAd-mediated Ldlr gene therapy is an effective and simple method to induce atherosclerosis regression in Ldlr-/- mice in different metabolic states. 相似文献
950.
Chetan Khatri Stephen J. Chapman James Glasbey Michael Kelly Dmitri Nepogodiev Aneel Bhangu J. Edward Fitzgerald 《PloS one》2015,10(3)