民办高校贫困生资助工作的若干思考

针对民办高校贫困学生的特殊性及责助方面存在的种种困难,提出只有创新资助方式,加大对贫困学生的资助力度,建立资助工作的长效机制,才能促进民办高等教育事业积极、健康、可持续发展。     

High Sodium and Low Potassium Intake among Italian Children: Relationship with Age,Body Mass and Blood Pressure

Background

Hypertension is the leading cause of death in developed countries and reduction of salt intake is recommended as a key preventive measure.

Objective

To assess the dietary sodium and potassium intakes in a national sample of Italian children and adolescents and to examine their relationships with BMI and blood pressure (BP) in the framework of the MINISAL survey, a program supported by the Italian Ministry of Health.

Population and Methods

The study population included 1424 healthy subjects (766 boys, 658 girls) aged 6-18 years (mean age: 10.1±2.9) who were consecutively recruited in participating National Health Service centers in 10 Italian regions. Electrolyte intake was estimated from 24 hour urine collections tested for completeness by the concomitant measurement of creatinine content. Anthropometric indices and BP were measured with standardized procedures.

Results

The average estimated sodium intake was 129 mmol (7.4 g of salt) per day among boys and 117 mmol (6.7 g of salt) among girls. Ninety-three percent of the boys and 89% of the girls had a consumption higher than the recommended age-specific standard dietary target. The estimated average daily potassium intakes were 39 mmol (1.53 g) and 36 mmol (1.40 g), respectively, over 96% of the boys and 98% of the girls having a potassium intake lower than the recommended adequate intake. The mean sodium/potassium ratio was similar among boys and girls (3.5 and 3.4, respectively) and over 3-fold greater than the desirable level. Sodium intake was directly related to age, body mass and BP in the whole population.

Conclusions

The Italian pediatric population is characterized by excessive sodium and deficient potassium intake. These data suggest that future campaigns should focus on children and adolescents as a major target in the framework of a population strategy of cardiovascular prevention.     

金属酞菁光敏剂的三阶非线性光学性能研究

从光动力治疗癌症的疗效着眼研究酞菁配合物的三阶非线性光学性能。用时间分辨简并四波混频方法测量苯硫基钛菁锌(C56H32S4Zn),苯硫基铝酞菁(C56H32AlN8O4)以及烷氧基铝酞菁(C56H32AlN8O4)的三阶非线性光极化率;测量四波混频响应的衰减过程;研究时间响应的超快过程和慢过程及其动力学机制,它们分别对应于单态和三线态的寿命。在荧光显微成像系统中观察三种酞菁光敏剂对人肝癌细胞杀伤的形态变化,并用MTT方法检测细胞存活率。对三种酞菁配合物的三线态量子产率和寿命进行测定,结果与它们对人肝癌细胞的光动力杀伤作用相关联。     

Effects of Metformin and Weight Loss on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance. We investigated whether metformin or changes in metabolic measurements (weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), or fasting insulin (FI)) improved serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, as a marker for NAFLD, in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). From 1996 to 1999, 2,153 participants without marked elevations of serum ALT at baseline were randomized (1,081 to placebo, 1,072 to metformin) and treated for an average of 3.2 years. ALT increased during the first 2 years of the study, and was slightly but significantly lower in the participants randomized to metformin. In regression models adjusted for sex, baseline age, FPG, and FI, these differences remained significant, but disappeared after adjustment for weight, FPG, and FI changes at each examination. The 3‐year cumulative incidence for development of abnormal ALT concentrations was not significantly different ((mean ± s.e.) 21.4 ± 1.4% and 24.6 ± 1.4%, P = 0.11) in the metformin vs. placebo groups but was lower in individuals in both groups that lost more weight by the end of year 1 (metformin: 19.4 ± 2.4% vs. 27.5 ± 3.7%, for highest vs. lowest quartile of weight loss; placebo: 18.7 ± 3.4% vs. 28.8 ± 2.6%). Over 3 years of follow‐up in persons at high risk for development of diabetes, serum ALT was consistently lower in those treated with metformin compared with placebo. This effect was mediated by weight loss, indicating that the effects of metformin therapy on ALT is via its effects on weight.     

渤海中、南部大型底栖动物物种多样性的研究

以1997年 6月、1998年9月和1999年4月共3个航次,覆盖渤海中、南部大部分海区的大型底栖动物丰度、生物量和生产力的研究为基础,进一步对其物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明：研究海域的大型底栖动物物种多样性没有明显的平面分布规律;物种多样性指数与沉积物因子的相关性高于其与底层水因子的相关性;沉积物中污染物含量的确会对大型底栖动物的多样性造成影响。通过对3个航次中3个相同站位的比较,发现不同年份之3个季节的平均Shannon Wiener指数无显著差异（P>0.05）;而1998年9月和1999年4月2个航次中20个相同站位的平均Shannon Wiener指数同样也未表现出明显的差异（P>0.05）。此外,渤海的物种数量要明显地高于胶州湾。     

Genetic characterization of clinical and agri-food isolates of multi drug resistant <Emphasis Type=Italic>Salmonella enterica</Emphasis> serovar Heidelberg from Canada

Background  

Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg ranks amongst the most prevalent causes of human salmonellosis in Canada and an increase in resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) has been observed by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. This study examined the genetic relationship between S. Heidelberg isolates from livestock, abattoir, retail meat, and clinical human specimens to determine whether there was a link between the emergence of MDR S. Heidelberg in chicken agri-food sources and the simultaneous increase of MDR S. Heidelberg in human clinical samples.     

围产期食物限制对子代成年大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响

围产期食物限制导致子代大鼠学习和记忆能力等的神经生物学变化,但其机制并不清楚。将成年Wistar雌性大鼠与雄性大鼠同笼,受孕后随机分为对照组 (n=9) 和食物限制组 (n=8) 。对照组母鼠在妊娠期和哺乳期自由进食和饮水,食物限制组母鼠从妊娠的第7天到子代大鼠出生后21天进行食物限制,食物限制量为对照组大鼠的50%。子代雄性大鼠成年后,通过Morris 水迷宫测试空间学习和记忆能力。之后,在海马CA1区在体记录场兴奋性突触后电位 (field excitatory postsynaptic potential,fEPSP),并采用免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA1区神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS) 阳性细胞密度的变化。结果表明,围产期食物限制降低了子代大鼠出生后第1、7、10、14和21天的体重,并减弱了成年子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力,海马CA1区fEPSP的斜率和nNOS阳性细胞的密度也明显降低。结果提示,围产期食物限制可能通过抑制NO的产生降低了海马突触可塑性,从而影响了子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力。     

食品常见真菌毒素的危害及其防止措施

真菌毒素是一类由真菌产生的普遍存在的化合物。危害人类健康的真菌毒素主要源于曲霉Aspergillus、青霉Penicil-lium、麦角菌属Claviceps和镰刀菌Fusarium等产生的次生代谢物。从全球范围来看,粮食安全问题经常是由谷物、坚果、水果和绿色咖啡豆上的真菌毒素造成的。其中,玉米和花生仁中的黄曲霉素经常超过安全阈值。在以这些食物作为主食的地处温暖和潮湿气候国家的消费者特别容易食用到黄曲霉素污染的食物。而真菌毒素往往会引起人类和动物急性中毒、慢性中毒和致癌。其不可避免地、广泛地、持续地影响着全球人类的健康。目前的防止措施包括选用抗真菌植物、采用适当方法贮藏食物以及食用绿色蔬菜等来预防癌症等。本文阐述了食品中常见真菌毒素的污染情况及其毒性,并对常用防止措施进行了综述,以期为食品真菌毒素防控工作提供参考。     

水资源的忧虑

水是生态系统中生命必需元素得以无限循环的介质。没有水生态系统,生命就不能维持。在当今世界面临的人口、资源、环境三大问题中,水属于人类赖以生存和社会经济发展的重要物质资源,又和其它两个问题有着密切的关系。因此,水资源的开发、利用和管理已成为世界各国普遍重视的一个重要课题。