The influence of large wood on brown trout (Salmo trutta) behaviour and surface foraging

1. Changes in riparian vegetation owing to forest harvesting may affect the input of large wood, a major structural element, to streams. Studies of large wood impacts on stream fish have focused on population‐level responses, whereas little attention has been given to how wood affects fish behaviour. 2. In a laboratory stream experiment, we tested how two size classes of brown trout, Salmo trutta, (mean size of 85 and 125 mm), alone and together, responded to a gradient of large wood in terms of activity, foraging on terrestrial drift and interactions between conspecifics. 3. The results showed that the presence of large wood significantly reduced the overall activity of the fish, the number of agonistic interactions between individuals and the proportion of captured prey. However, activity decreased relatively more than the proportion of captured prey, resulting in a significant positive net effect of wood on the number of prey captures per time spent active (PTA). This indicates that trout living in habitats with high wood density may have a higher net energy gain than trout living in habitats with less wood. 4. There were no observable size‐class differences in the benefits of large wood or in the utilisation of surface‐drifting terrestrial prey. 5. These results suggest that the presence of large wood may be an important factor shaping stream communities and that a lack of structural complexity may decrease energy gain, increase agonistic interactions and, consequently, lower the production of brown trout.     

Alternative reproductive tactics and the propensity of hybridization

One explanation for hybridization between species is the fitness benefits it occasionally confers to the hybridizing individuals. This explanation is possible in species that have evolved alternative male reproductive tactics: individuals with inferior tactics might be more prone to hybridization provided it increases their reproductive success and fitness. Here we experimentally tested whether the propensity of hybridization in the wild depends on male reproductive tactic in Calopteryx splendens damselflies. Counter to our expectation, it was males adopting the superior reproductive tactic (territoriality) that had greatest propensity to hybridize than males adopting the inferior tactics (sneakers and floaters). Moreover, among the territorial males, the most ornamented males had greatest propensity to hybridize whereas the pattern was reversed in the sneaker males. Our results suggest that there is fluctuating selection on male mate discrimination against heterospecific females depending on both ornament size and the male’s reproductive tactic.     

A high degree of aneuploidy in frozen-thawed human preimplantation embryos

We have studied the chromosomal content in 68 normally fertilised freeze-thawed human embryos of good morphology from 34 patients with an average maternal age of 32,6 years. Forty embryos showed post-thaw cellular division and twenty-eight post-thaw cleavage arrest. After spreading of the embryos on microscope slides, analysis of chromosomes X, Y, 15, 16, 17 and 18 was performed using two rounds of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). According to the results, the embryos were divided into four groups: (I) normal, all nuclei uniformly diploid, (II) diploid mosaics, normal diploid blastomeres in combination with abnormal blastomeres, (III) abnormal, all nuclei abnormal, (IV) chaotic, the chromosome constitution varies randomly from cell to cell. Approximately 25% of the embryos had normal number of the chromosomes tested, while the majority of the embryos were abnormal. Most of the abnormal embryos were diploid mosaics (57%). This was true for the embryos showing cleavage division as well as the embryos showing cleavage arrest. Our data show a slightly higher incidence of abnormal embryos compared to those obtained with FISH in non-cryopreserved embryos and confirm that the majority of preimplantation embryos fertilised in vitro contain abnormal blastomeres. The results, mechanisms, significance and implications are discussed. Received: 19 November 1998 / Accepted: 4 March 1999     

Estimation of bird distribution based on ring re‐encounters: precision and bias of the division coefficient and its relation to multi‐state models

Capsule The division coefficient is an estimate of the proportion of ringed birds migrating to different destination areas taking into account area‐specific re‐encounter probabilities.

Aims To explore precision and bias of the division coefficient method by a simulation study and to compare the approach with multi‐state models.

Methods In a simulation study true and estimated division coefficients were compared. The division coefficient method was mathematically compared with the multi‐state model.

Results The estimated division coefficients seemed to be unbiased if the assumptions were met. The precision decreased if the bird distribution became similar in both bird groups and when difference between area‐specific re‐encounter probabilities increased. A bootstrap method to assess precision is presented. The estimates from the division coefficient method equal the maximum likelihood estimates in a multi‐state model including only one time interval.

Conclusion Before applying the division coefficient method or a multi‐state model to real data a simulation study should be conducted in order to explore the behaviour of parameter estimation. The division coefficient method with the bootstrap confidence intervals is an easy alternative to a multi‐state model with one time interval when the bird distribution between destination areas (e.g. migratory connectivity) alone is of interest.     

Pathways of Proton Transfer in Cytochrome c Oxidase

During the last few years our knowledge of the structure and function of heme copper oxidases has greatly profited from the use of site-directed mutagenesis in combination with biophysical techniques. This, together with the recently-determined crystal structures of cytochrome c oxidase, has now made it possible to design experiments aimed at targeting specific pump mechanisms. Here, we summarize results from our recent kinetic studies of electron and proton-transfer reactions in wild-type and mutant forms of cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. These studies have made it possible to identify amino acid residues involved in proton transfer during specific reaction steps and provide a basis for discussion of mechanisms of electron and proton transfer in terminal oxidases. The results indicate that the pathway through K(I-362)/T(I-359), but not through D(I-132)/E(I-286), is used for proton transfer to a protonatable group interacting electrostatically with heme a ₃, i.e., upon reduction of the binuclear center. The pathway through D(I-132)/E(I-286) is used for uptake of pumped and substrate protons during the pumping steps during O₂ reduction.     

Tetrodotoxin Interference of CNS Excitation by Glutamic Acid

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX), the powerful neurotoxin of the puffer fish, blocks electrical excitation of many neuronal and muscle membranes¹. This neurotoxin selectively blocks the sodium conductance increase, leaving the delayed potassium conductance change unaltered^2–6.     

Investigations of the rhodopsin/Meta I and rhodopsin/Meta II transitions of bovine rod outer segments by means of kinetic infrared spectroscopy

We have applied our recently developed technique of flash induced kinetic infrared spectroscopy to the rhodopsin/Meta I and rhodopsin/Meta II transitions. Features of the infrared spectrum reflecting the C=C-vibration and the isomeric form of the chromophore are in agreement with resonant Raman experiments. Different results are obtained for the C=N-vibration of the Schiff base retinal opsin link. They are interpreted in terms of a Schiff base protonated via an hydrogen bond. A proton transfer in the excited state is suggested to explain the deviating results. In addition we have obtained spectral changes which cannot be attributed to molecular changes in the chromophore. We assume that these spectral features reflect molecular events in the protein part of rhodopsin.     

Histologische Untersuchungen zur Frage der Struktur- und FarbverÄnderungen an Federn nach künstlicher (Thyroxin-) Mauser

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Soft‐bottom tube worms: from irregular to programmed shell growth

Like other secondary soft‐bottom dwellers, serpulid and sabellid tube worms used particular strategies in order to cope with their earlier loss of mobility. This is expressed by the transition from irregular to genomically programmed morphologies of their calcareous shells that guarantee a stable horizontal resting position. In contrast to permanent recliners, however, this attitude was probably only the starting position for active resurrection after the muddy tail of storm sediments had settled on top of the displaced animal.     

Seasonal mortality trends in tree‐feeding insects: a field experiment

Abstract 1. The majority of general life‐history models treat the environment as being invariable through time, even though temporal variation in selective agents could dramatically change the outcomes, e.g. in terms of optimal size and time at maturity. For herbivorous insects, seasonal differences in food quality are reasonably well described, but seasonal dynamics of top‐down selective forces are poorly documented. 2. The present study attempted to quantify seasonal changes in predation risk of folivorous insect larvae in temperate forest habitats. In a series of field experiments, artificial larvae were exposed to predators, and the resulting bird‐inflicted damage was recorded. The trials were repeated regularly throughout the course of two summers. 3. A distinct peak of larval mortality was recorded in mid‐June (the nestling period for most insectivorous passerine birds), after which predation risk declined to a plateau of 20–30% below the peak value. 4. The recorded pattern is interpreted as a consequence of seasonal changes in the number and behaviour of insectivorous birds, and the abundance of alternative food resources for these predators. 5. A quantitative analysis based on field data indicated that considering temporal variation in mortality in life‐history models is crucial for obtaining realistic predictions concerning central life‐history traits, such as final body size in different generations.