Biliary excretion of [C]succinylsulphathiazole in the rat and rabbit

1. After intravenous injection about 30% of the dose (20mg./kg.) of succinylsulphathiazole is excreted unchanged in the bile in 3hr. by the rat, whereas only about 1% is excreted by the rabbit. When the renal pedicles are ligated the biliary excretion of succinylsulphathiazole in the rat increases to about 80% of the dose, but in the rabbit under these conditions the biliary excretion is only 2% of the dose. 2. In the rat, the sulphonamide readily enters the liver and biliary excretion occurs against a concentration gradient from liver to bile; further, the excretory process can be saturated, and can be depressed by the simultaneous administration of phenolphthalein glucuronide or bile salts. 3. In the rabbit, these conditions have not been found; succinylsulphathiazole does not readily enter the liver from the plasma, there is no transfer of the drug from the liver cells to the bile against a concentration gradient, and no saturation or depression of the biliary excretion of succinylsulphathiazole is found. 4. It is suggested that two factors responsible, at least partly, for the low biliary excretion of succinylsulphathiazole in the rabbit are the poor entry of the sulphonamide into the liver in this species and a deficiency of the concentrative mechanism for its excretion in the bile.     

Inclusions cytoplasmiques lamellaires dans les tubes collecteurs du rein au cours de la néphrose osmotique

Summary Osmotic nephrosis was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injections of a solution of sucrose or glucose. In most of the animals, the pale cells of the initial segment of the collecting tubules contain extremely peculiar dense granules. These inclusions contain lamellar systems of which the appearance closely resembles that of lecithine-cholesterol dispersions, as observed with an electron microscope after negative staining. These inclusions, which are probably related with the resorbtive function of the pale cells, are considered as residual bodies, and classified as belonging to the lysosome family.

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Zusammenfassung Osmotische Nephrosen wurden durch intraperitoneale Injektionen von Saccharose bzw. Glukose erzeugt. Bei den meisten der untersuchten weißen Mäuse findet man in den hellen Zellen der Pars proximalis der Sammelrose dunkle Einschlüsse von besonderem Aussehen. Diese Einschlüsse enthalten eine lamellenartige Innenstruktur, welche an Dispersionen von Lecithin oder Lecithin-Cholesterin in elektronenoptischen Aufnahmen nach negative staining erinnern. Diese Einschlüsse der Sammelrohrzellen stehen wahrscheinlich zu der Funktion der Reabsorption in Beziehung; sie gehören nach unserer Auffassung mit den Residualkörpern (residual body) zur Gruppe der Lysosomen.

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Ce travail a partiellement bènèficiè de l'aide du Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique et de la contribution du «Consiglio Nazionale délie Ricerche», Italie.     

Evaluation of the Urea Washout Pyelogram and Urography in the Assessment of Renovascular Hypertension

The urea washout (UWT) modification of the intravenous pyelogram was used to study 146 hypertensive patients in order to detect the presence of significant renovascular abnormalities. A positive result was obtained in 55 patients and direct confirmation of main renal artery stenoses by selective renal arteriography was obtained in 26. Bilateral abnormalities were confirmed in seven of the 26 patients. No false-negative results were encountered. The usefulness of this test as a comprehensive screening test is outlined. It demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of significant unilateral or bilateral main renal artery stenosis in addition to the detection of diffuse intrarenal arteriolar disease. It was of value in the postoperative assessment of operative repair of main renal artery defects. The urea washout test embodies both an anatomical and a physiological approach in the roentgen diagnosis of curable renovascular hypertension. The altered physiology resulting from significant main renal artery stenosis makes possible the use of the urea washout intravenous pyelogram. The value of other forms of intravenous pyelography is described.     

The Influence of Morphology on Prognosis in Acute Leukemia

The presence of definite cytoplasmic granulation in at least some of the malignant cells was used as the sole criterion to separate 156 patients with acute leukemia into two groups: 110 with myeloblastic (AML), and 46 with lymphoblastic or stem cell leukemia (ALL). The median survival from the onset of symptoms in patients with AML was 20 weeks, and those with ALL 37 weeks. The difference in survival in these two groups is much greater for patients under the age of 25 than for those over the age of 25.     

The food of a community of East African freshwater fishes

Quantitative data on the food of the fishes inhabiting Lake Mcllwaine, Rhodesia, show that the feeding of the dominant species in this community ( Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), Hydrocynus vittatus (Castelnau), Tilapia melanopleura Dumeril, Tilapia mossamhica Peters, Tilapia macrochir Boulenger, Labeo altivelis Peters, and Gnathonemus macrolepidotus (Peters)) covers a wide spectrum, and almost all elements of the potential food supply are utilized. Exceptions are noted, however, and the introduction of the Indian carp, Catla catla (Cuv. & Val.), is advocated in order to utilize the large blooms of phyto- and zooplankton. The oligochaete, Branchiura cf. sowerbyi , which forms over 50% of the benthic biomass is also not utilized as a source of fish food. However, no fish species is known to feed on oligochaetes to any large extent. Predation by the Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus , is shown to have severe effects upon recruitment to the valuable Tilapia fishery, and the reduction of the abundance of H. vittatus by means of selective fishing techniques is advocated.