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81.
Positive selection and sequence rearrangements generate extensive polymorphism in the gamete recognition protein bindin 总被引:15,自引:12,他引:15
Bindin is a gamete recognition protein of sea urchins that mediates
species-specific attachment of sperm to an egg-surface receptor during
fertilization. Sequences of bindin from closely related urchins show fixed
species-specific differences. Within species, highly polymorphic bindin
alleles result from point substitution, insertion/deletion, and
recombination. Since speciation, positive selection favoring allelic
variants has generated diversity in bindin polypeptides. Intraspecific
bindin variation can be tolerated by the egg receptor, which suggests
functional parallels between this system and other flexible recognition
systems, including immune recognition. These results show that polymorphism
in mate recognition loci required for rapid evolution of sexual isolation
can arise within natural populations.
相似文献
82.
New fluorinated chitin derivatives have been synthesized and characterized. Fluorination of chitin was achieved by facile homogenous reaction of chitin solution with diethyl amino sulfur trifluoride (C4H10NSF3). The degree of substitution of the C6-hydroxyl functionality of N-acetyl-glucosamine repeat unit ranged from 50 to 98%, achieved by varying the reaction time from 1 to 144 h at room temperature. The use of pentafluoropropionic anhydride, trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride and pentafluorobenzoyl chloride gave fluoro-chitin derivatives with 40, 10 and 5% substitution, respectively. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis support the identity of all fluorinated chitin derivatives. The fluorinated chitin derivatives were subjected to MTT assay using human (ATCC CCL-186) and mouse (ATCC CCL-1) fibroblast cell lines. Fluorinated chitin derivatives prepared from C4H10NSF3 at 1, 6, 12, 72 and 96 h showed good cell viability of 80–100% for human fibroblast and 60–70% for mouse fibroblast. The % cell viability for the other fluorinated chitin derivatives were above 60% for both cell lines. 相似文献
83.
Background
Upper limbs dysmetria caused by spinal cord injury is very rare. We will discuss the associated mechanism in our articles. 相似文献84.
Khor S 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2012,131(2):61-75
A protein residue network or PRN is a network induced by spatial contacts between amino acid residues of a protein. Studies of the structure of PRNs have revealed a list of network characteristics common to a diverse class of proteins. Explanations for the observed network characteristics for protein folding have been suggested but not tested in an integrated way. In this article, in silico experiments are performed to understand how structural characteristics of PRNs influence protein folding as modeled by a search problem. We find that the blend of structural characteristics PRNs possess help to place them in a sweet spot within the space of all network configurations tested. PRNs are plausible 3D structures and yield competitive search performances. Hence, it appears that PRNs are in a form suited to the function they evolved into. However, this conclusion is partially contingent upon the fitness function preferentially satisfying short-range links but also allowing short- and long-range interactions to cooperate towards the satisfaction of all links. We close with a discussion on the rather intricate interplay among the three main structural characteristics of PRNs, i.e., clustering, average path length, and assortativity, and their impact on search performance and 3D structure plausibility. 相似文献
85.
A likelihood method for the detection of selection and recombination using nucleotide sequences 总被引:16,自引:12,他引:16
Different regions along nucleotide sequences are often subject to different
evolutionary forces. Recombination will result in regions having different
evolutionary histories, while selection can cause regions to evolve at
different rates. This paper presents a statistical method based on
likelihood for detecting such processes by identifying the regions which do
not fit with a single phylogenetic topology and nucleotide substitution
process along the entire sequence. Subsequent reanalysis of these anomalous
regions may then be possible. The method is tested using simulations, and
its application is demonstrated using the primate psi eta-globin
pseudogene, the V3 region of the envelope gene of HIV-1, and argF sequences
from Neisseria bacteria. Reanalysis of anomalous regions is shown to reveal
possible immune selection in HIV-1 and recombination in Neisseria. A
computer program which implements the method is available.
相似文献
86.
87.
Alpina Begossi Svetlana V Salivonchyk Luciana G Araujo Tainá B Andreoli Mariana Clauzet Claudia M Martinelli Allan GL Ferreira Luiz EC Oliveira Renato AM Silvano 《Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine》2011,7(1):1-23
In this study, we sought to investigate the biology (diet and reproduction) and ethnobiology (fishers knowledge and fishing spots used to catch snappers) of five species of snappers (Lutjanidae), including Lutjanus analis, Lutjanus synagris, Lutjanus vivanus, Ocyurus chrysurus, and Romboplites saliens at five sites along the northeast (Riacho Doce, Maceió in Alagoas State, and Porto do Sauípe, Entre Rios at Bahia State) and the southeast (SE) Brazilian coast (Paraty and Rio de Janeiro cities at Rio de Janeiro State, and Bertioga, at São Paulo State.). We collected 288 snappers and interviewed 86 fishermen. The stomach contents of each fish were examined and macroscopic gonad analysis was performed. Snappers are very important for the fisheries of NE Brazil, and our results indicated that some populations, such as mutton snapper (L. analis) and lane snapper (L. synagris), are being caught when they are too young, at early juvenile stages. Local knowledge has been shown to be a powerful tool for determining appropriate policies regarding management of target species, and artisanal fishermen can be included in management processes. Other suggestions for managing the fisheries are discussed, including proposals that could provide motivation for artisanal fishermen to participate in programs to conserve resources, such as co-management approaches that utilize local knowledge, the establishment of fishing seasons, and compensation of fishermen, through 'payment for environmental services'. These suggestions may enhance the participation of local artisanal fishermen in moving to a more realistic and less top-down management approach of the fish population. 相似文献
88.
Why Do People Feed Free-roaming Cats? The Role of Anticipated Regret in an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior in Malaysia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Free-roaming cats are common in residential and public areas in Malaysia and approach people for food. However, the psychological determinants of public feeding are unknown. This study investigated public perceptions of feeding free-roaming cats, based on an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). It consisted of qualitative belief-elicitation interviews with 25 participants, followed by a quantitative survey of 167 participants, representative of the country’s population. The majority (87.2%) of the sample had fed free-roaming cats. The mean intention score (4.88 out of 7) indicated the public was likely, and would make an effort, to feed free-roaming cats in the future. The public’s benevolence toward animals largely explained the findings, based on generally positive attitudes and perceptions of moderate social credence and capability and confidence, underpinned by affective and cognitive beliefs. An important finding was the role of anticipated regret in predicting and explaining intentions, which contributed variance over and above that explained by the TPB constructs. The extended framework is explained by the influence of anticipated regret on the perceived evaluation of potential TPB outcomes, which in turn leads to the behavior becoming less volitional. Therefore, future TPB studies of people’s interactions with animals, such as free-roaming cats, should take account of affective and emotional antecedents of behavior, such as anticipated regret, to improve explanatory power. The study also has implications for managing public feeding of free-roaming cats, such as drawing on and strengthening the Malaysian public’s positive attitudes and emotional concern to redirect current feeding practices toward more constructive animal welfare initiatives. Such humane approaches align with the public’s sensitivity toward animal welfare and the historical development of cat population control from lethal methods to humane non-lethal methods to ensure adequate care. 相似文献
89.
Azraul Mumtazah Razak Shy Cian Khor Faizul Jaafar Norwahidah Abdul Karim Suzana Makpol 《Genes & nutrition》2018,13(1):31
Background
Several muscle-specific microRNAs (myomiRs) are differentially expressed during cellular senescence. However, the role of dietary compounds on myomiRs remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the modulatory role of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on myomiRs and myogenic genes during differentiation of human myoblasts. Young and senescent human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM) were treated with 50 μg/mL TRF for 24 h before and after inducing differentiation.Results
The fusion index and myotube surface area were higher (p?<?0.05) on days 3 and 5 than that on day 1 of differentiation. Ageing reduced the differentiation rate, as observed by a decrease in both fusion index and myotube surface area in senescent cells (p?<?0.05). Treatment with TRF significantly increased differentiation at days 1, 3 and 5 of young and senescent myoblasts. In senescent myoblasts, TRF increased the expression of miR-206 and miR-486 and decreased PTEN and PAX7 expression. However, the expression of IGF1R was upregulated during early differentiation and decreased at late differentiation when treated with TRF. In young myoblasts, TRF promoted differentiation by modulating the expression of miR-206, which resulted in the reduction of PAX7 expression and upregulation of IGF1R.Conclusion
TRF can potentially promote myoblast differentiation by modulating the expression of myomiRs, which regulate the expression of myogenic genes.90.
Stephen?J.?AndersenEmail author Pieter?Candry Thais?Basadre Way?Cern?Khor Hugo?Roume Emma?Hernandez-Sanabria Marta?Coma Korneel?Rabaey 《Biotechnology for biofuels》2015,8(1):221