全文获取类型
收费全文 | 309篇 |
免费 | 54篇 |
专业分类
363篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 6篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 5篇 |
2014年 | 8篇 |
2013年 | 11篇 |
2012年 | 12篇 |
2011年 | 24篇 |
2010年 | 11篇 |
2009年 | 13篇 |
2008年 | 13篇 |
2007年 | 10篇 |
2006年 | 14篇 |
2005年 | 7篇 |
2004年 | 9篇 |
2003年 | 14篇 |
2002年 | 13篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1946年 | 1篇 |
1934年 | 1篇 |
1932年 | 1篇 |
1931年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有363条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
181.
Microbial Responses to Environmentally Toxic Cadmium 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Abstract
We analyzed the soil microbial communities from one uncontaminated and two metal-impacted soils and found that while cadmium
adversely affected the numbers of culturable bacteria in all soils, cadmium-resistant isolates were found from each of the
soils. With exposure to 24 and 48 μg ml-1 soluble cadmium, the metal-contaminated soil communities were more resistant than the uncontaminated soil community. In addition,
in one metal-stressed soil, the resistant population became more resistant with increased cadmium levels. Ribosomal 16S DNA
sequencing identified the isolates as Arthrobacter,
Bacillus, or Pseudomonas spp. Further characterization demonstrated that two of the isolates were highly resistant to soluble cadmium with maximum
resistance at 275 μg ml-1 cadmium. These isolates were also resistant to a variety of antibiotics, namely ampicillin, gentamicin, penicillin, and streptomycin,
but no overall correlation was found between enhanced antibiotic resistance and cadmium resistance. One Pseudomonas isolate H1 did become more resistant with increasing cadmium levels, suggesting a different resistance mechanism at high
cadmium concentrations.
Received: 29 April 1999; Accepted: 7 July 1999; Online Publication: 30 November 1999 相似文献
182.
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 modulates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proteolytic and angiogenic properties of endothelial cells in vitro 总被引:26,自引:5,他引:26 下载免费PDF全文
Tightly controlled proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix by invading microvascular endothelial cells is believed to be a necessary component of the angiogenic process. We have previously demonstrated the induction of plasminogen activators (PAs) in bovine microvascular endothelial (BME) cells by three agents that induce angiogenesis in vitro: basic FGF (bFGF), PMA, and sodium orthovanadate. Surprisingly, we find that these agents also induce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and mRNA in BME cells. We also find that transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), which in vitro modulates a number of endothelial cell functions relevant to angiogenesis, also increases both PAI-1 and urokinase-type PA (u-PA) mRNA. Thus, production of both proteases and protease inhibitors is increased by angiogenic agents and TGF-beta 1. However, the kinetics and amplitude of PAI-1 and u-PA mRNA induction by these agents are strikingly different. We have used the ratio of u-PA:PAI-1 mRNA levels as an indicator of proteolytic balance. This ratio is tilted towards enhanced proteolysis in response to bFGF, towards antiproteolysis in response to TGF-beta 1, and is similar to that in untreated cultures when the two agents are added simultaneously. Using an in vitro angiogenesis assay in three-dimensional fibrin gels, we find that TGF-beta 1 inhibits the bFGF-induced formation of tube-like structures, resulting in the formation of solid endothelial cell cords within the superficial parts of the gel. These results suggest that a net positive proteolytic balance is required for capillary lumen formation. A novel perspective is provided on the relationship between extracellular matrix invasion, lumen formation, and net proteolytic balance, thereby reflecting the interplay between angiogenesis-modulating cytokines such as bFGF and TGF-beta 1. 相似文献
183.
Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. 总被引:47,自引:0,他引:47
M S Pepper N Ferrara L Orci R Montesano 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1992,189(2):824-831
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also known as vascular permeability factor or vasculotropin, is a recently characterized endothelial-specific mitogen which is angiogenic in vivo. Here we demonstrate that VEGF is angiogenic in vitro: when added to microvascular endothelial cells grown on the surface of three-dimensional collagen gels, VEGF induces the cells to invade the underlying matrix and to form capillary-like tubules, with an optimal effect at approximately 2.2nM (100ng/ml). When compared to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at equimolar (0.5nM) concentrations, VEGF was about half as potent. The most striking effect was seen in combination with bFGF: when added simultaneously, VEGF and bFGF induced an in vitro angiogenic response which was far greater than additive, and which occurred with greater rapidity than the response to either cytokine alone. These results demonstrate that like bFGF, VEGF induces an angiogenic response via a direct effect on endothelial cells, and that by acting in concert, these two cytokines have a potent synergistic effect on the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. We suggest that the synergism between VEGF and bFGF plays an important role in the control of angiogenesis in vivo. 相似文献
184.
Five transposon Tn5 insertion mutants of a beanRhizobium strain (Rhizobium leguminosarum b. v.phaseoli) were used in an ecological study to evaluate the extent to which transposon Tn5 was stable to serve as an identifiable marker in rhizobia under a high temperature stress condition in two Sonoran Desert
soils. All the mutants possessed single chromosomal insertions of the transposon. In both soils, under the temperature stress
conditions that were employed (40°C), both wild type and mutant populations possessing functional transposable elements declined
rapidly. After 12 days, mutant cells, when screened using the Tn5 coded antibiotic resistance markers, were significantly less in number than when they were screened using only their intrinsic
antibiotic resistance markers. There were no significant differences in numbers between the mutant cell population and the
wild type when the mutant cells were screened using only the intrinsic antibiotic resistance markers. DNA-DNA hybridizations
using a probe indicated neither deletion nor transposition of the transposable element. The results indicate that transposon
DNA sequences are present within cells under high temperature stress conditions, but kanamycin/neomycin resistance is not
expressed by some of these cells, suggesting that Tn5 undergoes a possible functional inactivation under these conditions. The possible implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
185.
186.
Synemin and vimentin are components of intermediate filaments in avian erythrocytes 总被引:11,自引:21,他引:11 下载免费PDF全文
Synemin, a high-molecular-weight protein associated with intermediate filaments in muscle, and vimentin, an intermediate-filament subunit found in many different cell types, have been identified by immunologic and electrophoretic criteria as components of intermediate filaments in mature avian erythrocytes. Desmin, the predominant subunit of intermediate filaments in muscle, has not been detected in these cells. Two dimensional immunoautoradiography of proteolytic fragments of synemin and vimentin demonstates that the erythrocyte proteins are highly homologous, if not identical, to their muscle counterparts. Double immunoflurorescence reaveals that erythrocyte synemin and vimentin co-localize in a cytoplasmic network of sinuous filaments that extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane and resists aggregation by colcemid. Erythrocytes that are attached to glass cover slips can be sonicated to remove nuclei and nonadherent regions of the plasma membrane; this leaves elliptical patches of adherent membrane that retain mats of vimentin- and synemin-containing intermediate filaments, as seen by immunofluorescence and rotary shadowing. Similarly, mechanical enucleation of erythrocyte ghosts in suspension allows isolation of plasma membranes that retain a significant fraction of the synemin and vimentin, as assayed by electrophoresis, and intermediate filaments, as seen in thin sections. Both synemin and vimentin remain insoluble along with spectrin and actin, in solutions containing nonionic detergent and high salt. However, brief exposure of isolated membrane to distilled water releases the synemin and vimentin together in nearly pure form, before the release of significant amounts of spectrin and actin. These data suggest that avian erythrocyte intermeditate filaments are somehow anchored to the plasma membrane; erythrocytes may thus provide a simple system for the study of intermediate filaments and their mode of interaction with membranes. In addition, these data, in conjunction with previous data from muscle, indicate that synemin is capable of associating with either desmin or vimentin and may thus perform a special role in the structure or function of intermediate filaments in erythrocytes as well as muscle. 相似文献
187.
Hepatocyte growth factor increases urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and u-PA receptor expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
M S Pepper K Matsumoto T Nakamura L Orci R Montesano 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1992,267(28):20493-20496
We have recently demonstrated that fibroblast-conditioned medium induces Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells to form branching tubules when grown in three-dimensional collagen or fibrin gels (Montesano, R., Schaller, G., and Orci, L. (1991) Cell 66, 697-711), and that this morphogenetic effect is mediated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (Montesano, R., Matsumoto, K., Nakamura, T., and Orci, L. (1991) Cell 67, 901-908). In fibrin gels, this effect is inhibited by addition of exogenous serine protease inhibitors, which suggests a role for plasminogen activators (PAs) in the matrix remodeling required for tubulogenesis. In the studies reported in this paper, we have investigated the effect of fibroblast-conditioned medium (CM) and HGF on the production of PAs by MDCK cells. We have found that urokinase-type PA (u-PA) activity and mRNA are increased 4.9-fold by CM from human MRC-5 fibroblasts, which has tubulogenic activity, but not by CM from human Detroit-550 fibroblasts, which lacks tubulogenic activity. The u-PA inductive property of MRC-5 CM was completely inhibited by preincubation with antibodies to recombinant human HGF (rhHGF). Exogenously added rhHGF also increased u-PA activity and mRNA 5.9-fold in MDCK cells, with an optimal effect at approximately 10 ng/ml. MRC-5 CM also increased u-PA receptor mRNA 34.9-fold in MDCK cells, an effect which was inhibited by 71% by preincubating the CM with antibodies to rhHGF, and which was mimicked by exogenously added rhHGF (31.3-fold increase). These results demonstrate that HGF, which induces tubulogenesis by MDCK cells in vitro, also increases u-PA and u-PA receptor expression in these cells. Taken together with our previous observations, this suggests that the resulting increase in extracellular proteolysis, appropriately localized to the cell surface, is required for epithelial morphogenesis. 相似文献
188.
Microsporidia is a term used to describe a group of emerging protozoan pathogens whose environmental occurrence has only recently been documented due to lack of detection methodologies. This study evaluates and describes current methods for detection of microsporidia in water. Standard methods, for the collection and processing of large volumes of water to detect protozoa, showed only a 4.8% recovery, of microsporidia spores, from 100 l volumes of tap. Immunofluorescent assay (IFA) analysis was assessed using two different antibodies specific for human pathogenic microsporidia. Results indicated that the use of IFA for routine screening of water for microsporidia was not an acceptable approach. The antibodies tested for the IFA resulted in false positives and false negatives and did not react with Enterocytozoon bieneusi, which is an important human pathogenic microsporidia. Finally, the small sizes of the human pathogenic microsporidia prevent confirmation and species determination by light microscopic methods. Two methods for isolating microsporidia DNA from water for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of microsporidia target sequences were assessed. Both of these DNA isolation methods when combined with the PCR showed the ability to detect less than ten spores in purified water concentrates. Thus, this study represents the first documentation and evaluation of current methods for the detection of human pathogenic microsporidia in water. 相似文献
189.
Morphological features of a collection of unknown-age wild kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) embryos from early development to point of hatch are described. Using these features, we assign developmental stages to each embryo and compare the progress of development to similar-staged ostrich (Struthio camelus) and chicken (Gallus gallus) embryos. Two ageing schemes for the kiwi embryos are developed by comparing measurements of their hindlimb segments, bills and crown–rump lengths with those of ostrich and chicken embryos at various stages of development. One of the 20 kiwi embryos was of known age. Both the ostrich model and the chicken model gave identical predictions for the marker and four other embryos. Developmental timing of some features differed between all three species, most markedly in the bill, with growth in the kiwi bill being relatively faster to achieve its larger relative and absolute size at hatch. 相似文献
190.
Karen EA Burns Clarence Chant Orla Smith Brian Cuthbertson Robert Fowler Deborah J Cook Peter Kruger Steve Webb Jamal Alhashemi Guillermo Dominguez-Cherit Carlos Zala Gordon D Rubenfeld John C Marshall 《Trials》2011,12(1):1-10