Ultrastructural alteration of cytolytic T lymphocytes following their interaction with target cells. I. Hypertrophy and change of orientation of the Golgi apparatus.

The ultrastructure of cytolytic T lymphocytes adhered to the surface of target cells was investigated at different periods after start of interaction. Fifteen-minute incubation led to increase of number of Golgi apparatus cisternae and vacuoles. After 30 min incubation Golgi apparatus become oriented to the contact area. If several lymphocytes adhered to one target cell the Golgi apparatus of each of them was oriented toward the contact area. If one lymphocyte adhered simultaneously to two target cells its Golgi apparatus was oriented toward both target cells. Giant Golgi apparatus vacuoles were formed 30 to 60 min later and then moved to plasma membrane of lymphocyte and then the content of those vacuoles moved to the intercellular space between a cytolytic T lymphocyte and a target cell. The period required for the hypertrophy and change of orientation of Golgi apparatus is supposed to represent the “mobilization” step of a medium-sized and small killer lymphocyte.     

Genetic analysis of hypertropic mutants of Phycomyces

A new class of Phycomyces behavioral mutants with enhanced tropic responses has been analyzed genetically to determine the number of genes involved and the nature of their expression. These hypertropic mutants carry pleiotropic nuclear mutations. Besides their effects on sensory behavior, they also affect morphology and meiotic processes. Behavioral analyses of heterokaryons containing hypertropic and wild-type nuclei in varying proportions show that the hypertropic mutations in strains L82, L84, L86, and L88 are strongly dominant. Conversely, the hypertropic mutations carried by the strains L83, L85, and L87 are strongly recessive. We performed recombination analyses between hypertropic mutants and mutants with diminished phototropism, affected in the seven genes madA to madG. We found no evidence of linkage between the hypertropic mutations and any of these mad mutations. From crosses, we isolated double mutants carrying hypertropic mutations together with madC (night blind) and madG (stiff) mutations. The behavioral phenotypes of the double mutants are intermediate between those of the parentals. Complementation analyses show that the three recessive hypertropic mutations affect the same gene, which we call madH. The expression of the recessive hypertropic allele becomes dominant in heterokaryons carrying madC and madH nuclei; the madC gene has been implicated separately with the photoreceptor at the input to the sensory pathway, while the madH gene is associated with the growth control output. This result suggests the physical interaction of both gene products, madH and madC, in a molecular complex for the photosensory transduction chain.     

CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND AROMATIC l-AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASE IN SINGLE IDENTIFIED NERVE CELL BODIES FROM SNAIL HELIX ASPERSA

—The distribution of choline acetyltransferase, aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system of Helix aspersa has been studied using homogenates of whole ganglia, microdissection from freeze-dried sections and dissection of single neurons from fresh tissue. Choline acetyltransferase was found in both the cell body and neuropil layers of all the Helix ganglia. The enzyme was not specifically localized to any ganglion or region of ganglion. Between 10 and 30 per cent of the isolated single cell bodies contained the enzyme. The enzymic activity corresponded to 50–200 mmol ACh/1 cell bodies/h. Choline acetyltransferase is probably a specific marker for cholinergic cells in this species. Aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase was more selectivity localized and its distribution corresponded well with that of monoamine containing cells as visualized by the fluorescence histochemical technique. A large proportion of cell bodies were localized in the boundary between the visceral and right parietal ganglia and in the pedal ganglion. The other ganglia contained few such cells. The activity of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase corresponded 10–50 mmol dopamine/1 cell bodies/h. A method was developed to measure the enzyme activity towards 5-hydroxytryptophan and DOPA in single cells simultaneously. The ratio between the activity towards both substrates did not vary significantly for the different cells. The enzyme is probably a specific marker for monoamine cells, but cannot be used to differentiate between the different monoamine cells. Acetylcholinesterase was uniformly distributed in the ganglia and was probably present in all nerve cells.     

Tissue repair in a poikilothermic vertebrate, Carassius auratus (L.): a preliminary study

The effects of mechanical injury on the skin, connective tissue, muscle and bone of the goldfish is described 28 days following the injury. There is evidence of a dynamic response but the apparent inability of muscle regeneration to any degree is noted.