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991.
Evidence for effect of random genetic drift on G+C content after lateral transfer of fucose pathway genes to Escherichia coli K-12 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The cps cluster of Escherichia coli K-12 comprises genes involved in
synthesis of capsular polysaccharide colanic acid. Part of the E. coli K-12
cps region has been cloned and sequenced and compared to its Salmonella
enterica LT2 counterpart. The cps genes from the two organisms are
homologous; in the case of the LT2 genes, with G+C content of 0.61 and
codons characteristic of high G+C species, it seems clear that they have
been acquired relatively recently by lateral transfer from a high G+C
species. The K-12 form of these cps genes is closely related to those of
LT2 so must derive from the same high G+C species, but it appears to have
transferred much earlier such that random genetic drift has brought P3 (the
corrected G+C content of codon base 3) down from 0.77 to 0.64, more than
halfway to the E. coli average of 0.57. We estimate, using an equation
developed by Sueoka, that the lateral transfer to E. coli took place
approximately 45 million years ago. This is the first report we are aware
of demonstrating the expected adjustment of P3 after lateral transfer
between species with different G+C content DNA.
相似文献
992.
Detection of toxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus and related species on coconut cream agar 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A new readily-prepared medium, coconut cream agar, was developed for the detection of aflatoxin production by isolates of Aspergillus flavus and related species. Coconut cream agar, which comprised coconut cream (50%) and agar (1.5%), detected isolates of A. flavus more effectively than the synthetic media tested and was as effective as media containing desiccated coconut. Fluorescence colouring of colonies grown on coconut cream agar could be used to differentiate A. flavus from A. parasiticus and A. nomius. In addition, conidial colour of A. flavus and A. nomius was quite distinct from that of A. parasiticus. 相似文献
993.
Studies on the binding site of the galactose-specific agglutinin PA-IL from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The binding properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa agglutinin-I (PA-IL) with
glycoproteins (gps) and polysaccharides were studied by both the
biotin/avidin-mediated microtiter plate lectin-binding assay and the
inhibition of agglutinin-glycan interaction with sugar ligands. Among 36
glycans tested for binding, PA-IL reacted best with two glycoproteins
containing Galalpha1-->4Gal determinants and a human blood group ABO
precursor equivalent gp, but this lectin reacted weakly or not at all with
A and H active gps or sialylated gps. Among the mammalian disaccharides
tested by the inhibition assay, the human blood group Pkactive
Galalpha1-->4Gal, was the best. It was 7.4-fold less active than
melibiose (Galalpha1-->6Glc). PA-IL has a preference for the
alpha-anomer in decreasing order as follows: Galalpha1-->6
>Galalpha1-->4 >Galalpha1-->3. Of the monosaccharides studied,
the phenylbeta derivatives of Gal were much better inhibitors than the
methylbeta derivative, while only an insignificant difference was found
between the Galalpha anomer of methyl- and p -NO2-phenyl derivatives. From
these results, it can be concluded that the combining size of the
agglutinin is as large as a disaccharide of the alpha-anomer of Gal at
nonreducing end and most complementary to Galalpha1-->6Glc. As for the
combining site of PA-IL toward the beta-anomer, the size is assumed to be
less than that of Gal; carbon-6 in the pyranose form is essential, and
hydrophobic interaction is important for binding.
相似文献
994.
Moreno E; Lanne B; Vazquez AM; Kawashima I; Tai T; Fernandez LE; Karlsson KA; Angstrom J; Perez R 《Glycobiology》1998,8(7):695-705
P3 is a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to several NeuGc-
containing gangliosides. It also reacts with antigens expressed in human
breast tumors (Vazquez et al. (1995) Hybridoma , 14, 551-556). In this
work, the binding specificity of P3 has been characterized in more detail
using a panel of glycolipids that included several disialylated
gangliosides and several chemical derivatives of NeuGc-GM3. The carboxyl
group and the nitrogen function of sialic acid were found to play important
roles in the antibody binding, whereas the glycerol tail appears to be
nonrelevant. Molecular modeling was used to analyze the binding data,
including the finding that P3 selectively recognizes the internal NeuGc in
GD3. For this purpose, conformational studies of GD3 were performed using
molecular dynamics. It was concluded that sialic acid binds the P3 antibody
through its upper face (the one on which the carboxyl group is exposed) and
the C4-C5 side of the sugar ring, whereas none or very little contact
between the galactose residue and the protein is evident. Conformational
analysis of GD3 revealed that, despite the large flexibility of the
NeuGcalpha8NeuGc linkage, the P3 binding epitope on the external sialic
acid is not well exposed for any of the possible conformations this linkage
can adopt, whereas the internal sialic acid presents the epitope in a
proper way for several of these conformations. As a final result, a
coherent picture of the epitope that fits the wide binding data was
obtained.
相似文献
995.
Evolution of antiviral activity in the ribonuclease A gene superfamily: evidence for a specific interaction between eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/RNase 2) and respiratory syncytial virus. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
We have demonstrated that the human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN, RNase 2), a rapidly evolving secretory protein derived from eosinophilic leukocytes, mediates the ribonucleolytic destruction of extracellular virions of the single-stranded RNA virus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). While RNase activity is crucial to antiviral activity, it is clearly not sufficient, as our results suggest that EDN has unique structural features apart from RNase activity that are necessary to promote antiviral activity. We demonstrate here that the interaction between EDN and extracellular virions of RSV is both saturatable and specific. Increasing concentrations of the antivirally inactivated, ribonucleolytically inactivated point mutant form of recombinant human EDN, rhEDNdK38, inhibits rhEDN's antiviral activity, while increasing concentrations of the related RNase, recombinant human RNase k6, have no effect whatsoever. Interestingly, acquisition of antiviral activity parallels the evolutionary development of the primate EDN lineage, having emerged some time after the divergence of the Old World from the New World monkeys. Using this information, we created ribonucleolytically active chimeras of human and New World monkey orthologs of EDN and, by evaluating their antiviral activity, we have identified an N-terminal segment of human EDN that contains one or more of the sequence elements that mediate its specific interaction with RSV. 相似文献
996.
The structural basis of molecular adaptation 总被引:31,自引:21,他引:10
The study of molecular adaptation has long been fraught with difficulties,
not the least of which is identifying out of hundreds of amino acid
replacements those few directly responsible for major adaptations. Six
studies are used to illustrate how phylogenies, site- directed mutagenesis,
and a knowledge of protein structure combine to provide much deeper
insights into the adaptive process than has hitherto been possible. Ancient
genes can be reconstructed, and the phenotypes can be compared to modern
proteins. Out of hundreds of amino acid replacements accumulated over
billions of years those few responsible for discriminating between
alternative substrates are identified. An amino acid replacement of modest
effect at the molecular level causes a dramatic expansion in an ecological
niche. These and other topics are creating the emerging field of
"paleomolecular biochemistry."
相似文献
997.
Dyer C 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1996,312(7046):1560-1561
998.
Marie-Elisabeth Samson-Bouma Nicole Verthier Leo A Ginsel Grard Feldmann Jack AM Fransen Lawrence P Aggerbeck 《Biology of the cell / under the auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization》1996,87(3):189-196
Summary— Intestinal biopsies from patients having genetic disorders of lipoprotein assembly and secretion, such as abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) or Anderson's disease (AD), contain large amounts of lipids which are accumulated in the enterocytes. Determination of the intracellular sites in which the lipids accumulate and to which apolipoproteins the lipids are bound would help to identify the defects in these diseases and further elucidate the mechanisms by which lipoprotein assembly and secretion occur normally. Ultrastructural immunogold labeling, however, is hampered by the poor preservation of the lipids accumulated in the enterocytes of these patients. We have used routine electron microscopy (fixation and ultra-thin sectioning) along with three methods for immunogold labeling of lipid-laden enterocytes; ultrathin cryosectioning, low temperature freeze substitution with embedding in Lowicryl K4M, and ultra-low temperature freeze substitution with embedding in Lowicryl HM20, to establish a protocol for investigating the intestinal tissue from these patients. Ultracryosectioning, while preserving the overall morphology of the lipid laden enterocytes, did not preserve the lipid content and the immunogold labeling of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) appeared dislocated. Freeze substitution and low temperature embedding in Lowicryl K4M, in contrast, appeared to better preserve the lipid and lipoprotein structures; however, the antigenicity of both apoAI and apoB appeared to be lost and no specific labeling could be obtained. Freeze substitution and embedding in Lowicryl HM20 best preserved the lipid and lipoprotein structures while maintaining apoprotein antigenicity. In conclusion, immunogold labeling of apolipoproteins on lipid structures in the lipid-laden enterocytes of patients with ABL and AD is best obtained by freeze substitution and embedding in Lowicryl HM20. 相似文献
999.
1000.
D Kuila J R Schoonover R B Dyer C J Batie D P Ballou J A Fee W H Woodruff 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》1992,1140(2):175-183
Resonance Raman (RR) spectra are reported for the [2Fe-2S] Rieske protein from Thermus thermophilus (TRP) and phthalate dioxygenase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PDO) as a function of pH and excitation wavelength. Depolarization ratio measurements are presented for the RR spectra of spinach ferredoxin (SFD), TRP, and PDO at 74 K. By comparison with previously published RR spectra of SFD, we suggest reasonable assignments for the spectra of TRP and PDO. The spectra of PDO exhibit virtually no pH dependence, while significant changes are observed in TRP spectra upon raising the pH from 7.3 to 10.1. One band near 270 cm-1, which consists of components at 266 cm-1 and 274 cm-1, is attributed to Fe(III)-N(His) stretching motions. We suggest that these two components arise from conformers having a protonated-hydrogen-bonded imidazole (266 cm-1) and deprotonated-hydrogen-bonded imidazolate (274 cm-1) coordinated to the Fe/S cluster and that the relative populations of the two species are pH-dependent; a simple structural model is proposed to account for this behavior in the respiratory-type Rieske proteins. In addition, we have identified RR peaks associated with the bridging and terminal sulfur atoms of the Fe-S-N cluster. The RR excitation profiles of peaks associated with these atoms are indistinguishable from each other in TRP (pH 7.3) and PDO and differ greatly from those of [2Fe-2S] ferrodoxins. The profiles are bimodal with maxima near 490 nm and > approx. 550 nm. By contrast, bands associated with the Fe-N stretch show a somewhat different enhancement profile. Upon reduction, RR peaks assigned to Fe-N vibrations are no longer observed, with the resulting spectrum being remarkably similar to that reported for reduced adrenodoxin. This indicates that only modes associated with Fe-S bonds are observed and supports the idea that the reducing electron resides on the iron atom coordinated to the two histidine residues. Taken as a whole, the data are consistent with an St2FeSb2Fe[N(His)]t2 structure for the Rieske-type cluster. 相似文献