Three efflux pumps are required to provide efficient tolerance to toluene in Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E

In Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E multidrug efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division family make a major contribution to solvent resistance. Two pumps have been identified: TtgABC, expressed constitutively, and TtgDEF, induced by aromatic hydrocarbons. A double mutant lacking both efflux pumps was able to survive a sudden toluene shock if and only if preinduced with small amounts of toluene supplied via the gas phase. In this article we report the identification and characterization in this strain of a third efflux pump, named TtgGHI. The ttgGHI genes form an operon that is expressed constitutively at high levels from a single promoter. In the presence of toluene the operon is expressed at an even higher level from two promoters, the constitutive one and a previously unreported one that is inducible and that partially overlaps the constitutive promoter. By site-directed mutagenesis we constructed a single ttgH mutant which was shown to be unable to survive sudden 0.3% (vol/vol) toluene shocks regardless of the preculture conditions. The mutation was transferred to single and double mutants to construct mutant strains in which two or all three pumps are knocked out. Survival analysis of induced and noninduced cells revealed that the TtgABC and TtgGHI pumps extruded toluene, styrene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, and propylbenzene, whereas the TtgDEF pump removed only toluene and styrene. The triple mutant was hypersensitive to toluene, as shown by its inability to grow with toluene supplied via the vapor phase.     

Fatty acid biosynthesis is involved in solvent tolerance in Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E

The unusual tolerance of Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E to toluene is based on the extrusion of this solvent by constitutive and inducible efflux pumps and rigidification of its membranes via phospholipid alterations. Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E-109 is a solvent-sensitive mutant. Mutant cells were less efficient in solvent extrusion than the wild-type cells, as shown by the limited efflux of 14C-1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from the cell membranes, despite the fact that the efflux pumps are overexpressed as a result of increased expression of the ttgDEF and ttgGHI efflux pump operons. This limitation could be the result of alterations in the outer membrane because the mutant cells released more beta-lactamase to the external medium than the wild-type cells. The mutant P. putida DOT-T1E-109 showed negligible synthesis of fatty acids in the presence of sublethal concentrations of toluene as revealed by analysis of 13CH3-13COOH incorporation into fatty acids. In contrast, the mutant strain in the absence of solvents, and the wild-type strain, both in the presence and in the absence of toluene, incorporated 13CH3-13COOH at a high rate into de novo synthesized lipids. The mutation in P. putida DOT-T1E-109 increases sensitivity to the solvent because of a limited efflux of the solvent from the cell membranes with the concomitant inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis.     

Electrical and adaptive properties of rod photoreceptors in bufo marinus. I. Effects of altered extracellular Ca(2+) levels

The effects of altering extracellular Ca(2+) levels on the electrical and adaptive properties of toad rods have been examined. The retina was continually superfused in control (1.6 mM Ca(2+)) or test ringer’s solutions, and rod electrical activity was recorded intracellularly. Low-calcium ringer’s (10(-9)M Ca(2+)) superfused for up to 6 min caused a substantial depolarization of the resting membrane potential, an increase in light-evoked response amplitudes, and a change in the waveform of the light-evoked responses. High Ca(2+) ringer’s (3.2 mM) hyperpolarized the cell membrane and decreased response amplitudes. However, under conditions of either low or high Ca(2+) superfusion for up to 6 min, in both dark-adapted and partially light-adapted states, receptor sensitivity was virtually unaffected; i.e., the V-log I curve for the receptor potential was always located on the intensity scale at a position predicted by the prevailing light level, not by Ca(2+) concentration. Thus, we speculate that cytosol Ca(2+) concentration is capable of regulating membrane potential levels and light-evoked response amplitudes, but not the major component of rod sensitivity. Low Ca(2+) ringer’s also shortened the period of receptor response saturation after a bright but nonbleaching light flash, hence accelerating the onset of both membrane potential and sensitivity recovery during dark adaptation.

Exposure of the retina to low Ca(2+) (10(-9)M) ringer’s for long periods (7-15 min) caused dark-adapted rods to lose responsiveness. Response amplitudes gradually decreased, and the rods became desensitized. These severe conditions of low Ca(2+) caused changes in the dark-adapted rod that mimic those observed in rods during light adaptation. We suggest that loss of receptor sensitivity during prolonged exposure to low Ca(2+) ringer’s results from a decrease of intracellular (intradisk) stores of Ca(2+); i.e., less Ca(2+) is thereby released per quantum catch.

     

Ozone effects on soluble protein content of Acer negundo, Quercus robur and Platanus spp. pollen

In this study, the effect of three different ozone (O₃) levels on soluble protein content of Acer negundo, Quercus robur and Platanus spp. pollen was investigated. Pollen was directly collected from each plant and exposed to O₃ values below, equal and four times the limit for human health protection in an environmental chamber system. With this chamber, it was possible to control and reproduce the O₃ levels between different experiments. Total protein content was determined colorimetrically with Coomassie protein assay reagent (Pierce) by the Bradford method. Results showed that O₃ has significant effects on pollen causing a decrease in soluble proteins that seem to be dependent on species and gas concentration. Also, the existence of reproducibility in the effects of O₃, within the same concentration, on the protein content of pollen was verified.     

Complete genome sequence of a clinical Bordetella pertussis isolate from Brazil

There has been a resurgence in the number of pertussis cases in Brazil and around theworld. Here, the genome of a clinical Bordetella pertussis strain (Bz181) that wasrecently isolated in Brazil is reported. Analysis of the virulence-associated genesdefining the pre- and post-vaccination lineages revealed the presence of theprn2-ptxS1A-fim3B-ptxP3 allelic profile in Bz181, which is characteristic of thecurrent pandemic lineage. A putative metallo-β-lactamase gene presenting all of theconserved zinc-binding motifs that characterise the catalytic site was identified, inaddition to a multidrug efflux pump of the RND family that could confer resistance toerythromycin, which is the antibiotic of choice for treating pertussis disease.     

New oxapolycyclic cage amines with NMDA receptor antagonist and trypanocidal activities

The synthesis of several (1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,5:3,7-dimethano-4-benzoxonin-3-yl)amines and related compounds is reported. Several of them display very similar activity to memantine as NMDA receptor antagonists. Several derivatives showed a significant level of trypanocidal activity.     

Assembly and disassembly of mammalian chromosome pellicle

By means of indirect double immunofluorescent staining,the coordination of PI antigen and perichromonucleolin(PCN),the constituent of nuclear periphery and nucleolus respectively,in the assembly and disassembly of chromosome pellicle during mitosis was studied.It was found that in 3T3 cells,during mitosis PI antigen began to coat the condensing chromosome surface earlier than PCN did.However,both of them completed their coating on chromosome at approximately the same stage of mitosis,prometaphase metaphase,The dissociation of mitosis,Prometaphase metaphase.The dissociation of PI antigen from chromosome pellicle to participate the formation of nuclear periphery took place also ahead of that of PCN,At early telophase PI antigen had been extensively involved in the formation of nuclear periphery,while PCN remained in association with the surface of decondensing chromosomes.At late telophase,when PI antigen was localized in an fairly well formed nuclear periphery,PCN was in a stage of forming prenucleolar bodies.     

Phylogenetic inference using discrete characters: performance of ordered and unordered parsimony and of three‐item statements

The cladistic literature does not always specify the kind of multistate character treatment that is applied for an analysis. Characters can be treated either as unordered transformation series or as rooted [three‐item analysis (3ia)] or unrooted state trees (ordered characters). We aimed to measure the impact of these character treatments on phylogenetic inference. Discrete characters can be represented either as rows or columns in matrices (e.g. for parsimony) or as hierarchies for 3ia. In the present study, we use simulated and empirical examples to assess the relative merits of each method considering both the character treatment and representation. We measure two parameters (resolving power and artefactual resolution) using a new tree comparison metric, ITRI (inter‐tree retention index). Our results suggest that the hierarchical character representation not only results (with our simulation settings) in the greatest resolving power, but also in the highest artefactual resolution. Our empirical examples provide equivocal results. Parsimony unordered states yield less resolving power and more artefactual resolutions than parsimony ordered states, both with our simulated and empirical data. Relationships between three operational taxonomic units (OTUs), irrespective of their relationships with other OTUs, are called three‐item statements (3is). We compare the intersection tree (which reconstructs a single tree from all of the common 3is of source trees) with the traditional strict consensus and show that the intersection tree retains more of the information contained in the source trees. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110 , 914–930.     

Cytocompatibility and Synergy of EGCG and Cationic Peptides Against Bacteria Related to Endodontic Infections,in Planktonic and Biofilm Conditions

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins - This study evaluated the cytocompatibility and antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) associated with peptide LL-37 and its...