Chiral stationary phases in concert with homologous chiral mobile phase additives: Push/pull model

A new “push/pull” model has been developed to explain synergistic effects observed in a system in which a chiral stationary phase (CSP) is used in combination with its homologous chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA). The model predicts the beneficial CMPA enantiomer and the counterproductive CMPA enantiomer a priori. Thus, an (R)-CSP will obtain positive synergism from a homologous (S)-CMPA and negative synergism from a homologous (R)-CMPA. The reverse is true for an (S)-CSP. The importance of structural homology between the CSP and the CMPA is demonstrated. Furthermore, the analysis time is decreased relative to the use of a CSP alone, because the retention time of the analyte peaks decreases when the CMPAs are used. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Treatment of fish processing waste using the downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactor

Summary The DSFF reactor has been shown to be capable of treating a wide variety of wastes. In this study, a high protein fish processing waste was treated at several influent concentrations. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of up to 90% were achieved at loading rates in excess of 10 kg COD/m³/day.     

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele (ILIRN*2) associated with nephropathy in diabetes mellitus

We have previously found association between an allele of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist gene (ILIRN) and several inflammatory diseases, where IL-1 has been implicated in the inflammatory mechanism. We have now, therefore, tested the association of this specific allele (ILIRN*2) with complications of diabetes which have an inflammatory tissue component. We have tested the allele frequency of ILIRN*2 in 128 patients with insulin-dependent and 125 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). There was a significant association between carriage of ILIRN*2 and diabetic nephropathy (P < 0.0001,P _corrected < 0.0012). The association was significant in both types of diabetes, but the observed increase was highest in NIDDM, rising to double the control levels. It appears that ILIRN*2 is a novel genetic marker of severity of inflammatory complications of diseases rather than a marker of disease susceptibility. If the DNA polymorphism is associated with altered gene function, new therapeutic interventions may be possible.