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991.
992.
Stomata regulate gas exchange and their closure in response to pathogens may, in some cases, contribute to resistance. However, in the cereal mildew and rust systems, stomatal closure follows establishment of compatible infections. In incompatible systems, expression of major (R) gene controlled hypersensitive responses (HR), causes drastic, permanent stomatal dysfunction: stomata become locked open following powdery mildew attack and locked shut following rust attack. Thus, stomatal locking can be a hitherto unsuspected negative consequence of R gene resistance that carries a physiological cost affecting plant performance.Key Words: stomata, rust, mildew, hypersensitive response, stomatal lock-up 相似文献
993.
Background
Some amino acid residues functionally interact with each other. This interaction will result in an evolutionary co-variation between these residues – coevolution. Our goal is to find these coevolving residues. 相似文献994.
Objective: The ability to form new adipose cells is important to adipose tissue physiology; however, the mechanisms controlling the recruitment of adipocyte progenitors are poorly understood. A role for locally generated angiotensin II in this process is currently proposed. Given that visceral adipose tissue reportedly expresses higher levels of angiotensinogen compared with other depots and the strong association of augmented visceral fat mass with the adverse consequences of obesity, we studied the role of angiotensin II in regulating adipogenic differentiation in omental fat of obese and non‐obese humans. Research Methods and Procedures: The angiotensin II effect on adipose cell formation was evaluated in human omental adipocyte progenitor cells that were stimulated to adipogenic differentiation in vitro. The adipogenic response was measured by the activity of the differentiation marker glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. Results: Angiotensin II reduced the adipogenic response of adipocyte progenitor cells, and the extent of the decrease correlated directly with the subjects’ BMI (p = 0.01, R2 = 0.30). A 56.3 ± 3.4% and 44.5 ± 2.7% reduction of adipogenesis was found in obese and non‐obese donors’ cells, respectively (p < 0.01). The effect of angiotensin II was reversed by type 1 angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan. Discussion: A greater anti‐adipogenic response to angiotensin II in omental adipose progenitor cells from obese subjects opens a venue to understand the deregulation of visceral fat tissue cellularity that has been associated with severe functional abnormalities of the obese condition. 相似文献
995.
996.
Proteinases are involved in essential steps in cartilage and bone homeostasis. Consequently, efforts have been made to establish
their potential role in the pathology of rheumatic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthritis.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are sensitive markers of disease severity and response to treatment, and therefore they have
potential in the assessment of rheumatic diseases. Despite disappointing early results with synthetic inhibitors of MMPs,
there is still much scope for developing effective and safe MMPs inhibitors, and consequently to deliver new options to inhibit
joint destruction. 相似文献
997.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glove, is one of the pests of cotton crop and its relation with the host seem to depend on the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. The biology of A. gossypii using different cotton nitrogen fertility regimes was studied under greenhouse conditions, in Dourados, MS. A completely randomized design with nine replications in a factorial scheme (2x4x2)+1 was used. Two nitrogen sources (sulphate of ammonium and urea), four doses of nitrogen (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), two different times of nitrogen application and one additional treatment without nitrogen were taken as factors. The nymphal phases, the pre-reproductive, reproductive and pos-reproductive periods, longevity, the life cycle and fecundity of the cotton aphid were evaluated. The doses of nitrogen influenced the cotton aphid biology in both sources and times of application, favoring its development and fecundity. 相似文献
998.
Mukherjee A Soyal SM Fernandez-Valdivia R DeMayo FJ Lydon JP 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》2007,45(10):639-646
Through an established gene-targeting strategy, reverse tetracycline-dependent transactivator (rtTA) was targeted downstream of the murine progesterone receptor (PR) promoter. Mice were generated in which one (PR(+/rtTA)) or both (PR(rtTA/rtTA)) PR alleles harbor the rtTA insertion. The PR(+/rtTA) and PR(rtTA/rtTA) knockins exhibit phenotypes identical to the normal and the progesterone receptor knockout mouse, respectively. Crossed with the TZA reporter, which carries the TetO-LacZ responder transgene, the PR(+/rtTA)/TZA and PR(rtTA/rtTA)/TZA bigenics exhibit doxycycline-induced beta-galactosidase activity specifically in progesterone responsive target tissues such as the mammary gland, uterus, ovary, and pituitary gland. In the case of the PR(+/rtTA)/TZA mammary epithelium, dual immunofluorescence demonstrated that PR expression and doxycycline-induced beta-galactosidase activity colocalized; beta-galactosidase was not detected in the absence of doxycycline. Although both the PR(+/rtTA) and PR(rtTA/rtTA) knockins represent innovative animal models with which to further query progesterone's mechanism of action in vivo, the PR(rtTA/rtTA) mouse in particular promises to provide unique insight into the paracrine mechanism of action, which underpins progesterone's involvement in mammary morphogenesis with obvious implications for extending our understanding of this steroid's role in breast cancer progression. 相似文献
999.
The role of membrane lipids in the induction of macrophage apoptosis by microparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Huber LC Jüngel A Distler JH Moritz F Gay RE Michel BA Pisetsky DS Gay S Distler O 《Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death》2007,12(2):363-374
Microparticles are membrane-derived vesicles that are released from cells during activation or cell death. These particles
can serve as mediators of intercellular cross-talk and induce a variety of cellular responses. Previous studies have shown
that macrophages undergo apoptosis after phagocytosing microparticles. Here, we have addressed the hypothesis that microparticles
trigger this process via lipid pathways. In these experiments, microparticles induced apoptosis in primary macrophage cells
or cell lines (RAW 264.7 or U937) with up to a 5-fold increase. Preincubation of macrophages with phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate
(PtdIns(3,5)BP) reduced the microparticle-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. PtdIns(3,5)BP is a specific inhibitor
of the acid sphingomyelinase and thus can block the generation of pro-apoptotic ceramides. Similarly, the pre-incubation of
macrophages with PtdIns(3,5)BP prevented microparticle-induced upregulation of caspase 8, which is a major target molecule
of ceramide action in the apoptosis pathway. PtdIns(3,5)BP, however, had no effect on the spontaneous rate of apoptosis. To
evaluate further signaling pathways induced by microparticles, the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK-) 1 was investigated.
This kinase plays a role in activating phospholipases A2 which cleaves membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid; microparticles
have been suggested to be a preferred substrate for phospholipases A2. As shown in our experiments, microparticles strongly
increased the amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a time-dependent manner, peaking 15 min after co-incubation.
Addition of PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1, prevented the increase in apoptosis of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Together,
these data suggest that microparticles perturb lipid homeostasis of macrophages and thereby induce apoptosis. These results
emphasize the importance of biolipids in the cellular cross-talk of immune cells. Based on the fact that in clinical situations
with excessive cell death such as malignancies, autoimmune diseases and following chemotherapies high levels of circulating
microparticles might modulate phagocytosing cells, a suppression of the immune response might occur due to loss of macrophages. 相似文献