全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1002篇 |
免费 | 188篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
1192篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 14篇 |
2019年 | 17篇 |
2018年 | 19篇 |
2017年 | 20篇 |
2016年 | 29篇 |
2015年 | 43篇 |
2014年 | 44篇 |
2013年 | 51篇 |
2012年 | 58篇 |
2011年 | 57篇 |
2010年 | 33篇 |
2009年 | 31篇 |
2008年 | 46篇 |
2007年 | 32篇 |
2006年 | 44篇 |
2005年 | 34篇 |
2004年 | 36篇 |
2003年 | 38篇 |
2002年 | 38篇 |
2001年 | 25篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 12篇 |
1997年 | 14篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 15篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 19篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 25篇 |
1988年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 11篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
1966年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有1192条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
22.
Fushitani K; Higashiyama K; Moriyama EN; Imai K; Hosokawa K 《Molecular biology and evolution》1996,13(7):1039-1043
To elucidate phylogenetic relationships among amniotes and the evolution of
alpha globins, hemoglobins were analyzed from the Komodo dragon (Komodo
monitor lizard) Varanus komodoensis, the world's largest extant lizard,
inhabiting Komodo Islands, Indonesia. Four unique globin chains (alpha A,
alpha D, beta B, and beta C) were isolated in an equal molar ratio by high
performance liquid chromatography from the hemolysate. The amino acid
sequences of two alpha chains were determined. The alpha D chain has a
glutamine at E7 as does an alpha chain of a snake, Liophis miliaris, but
the alpha A chain has a histidine at E7 like the majority of hemoglobins.
Phylogenetic analyses of 19 globins including two alpha chains of Komodo
dragon and ones from representative amniotes showed the following results:
(1) The a chains of squamates (snakes and lizards), which have a glutamine
at E7, are clustered with the embryonic alpha globin family, which
typically includes the alpha D chain from birds; (2) birds form a sister
group with other reptiles but not with mammals; (3) the genes for embryonic
and adult types of alpha globins were possibly produced by duplication of
the ancestral alpha gene before ancestral amniotes diverged, indicating
that each of the present amniotes might carry descendants of the two types
of alpha globin genes; (4) squamates first split off from the ancestor of
other reptiles and birds.
相似文献
23.
Summary Laboratory and field gas exchange measurements were made on C3 (Scirpus olneyi Gray) and C4 (Spartina patens (Ait.) Mahl., Distichlis spicata (L.) Green) species from an irregularly flooded tidal marsh on the Chesapeake Bay. Laboratory measurements were made on plants grown from root stocks that were transplanted to a greenhouse and grown under high light and high nutrient conditions. The two C4 species were similar in their laboratory gas exchange characteristics: both had higher net carbon exchange rates, higher mesophyll conductances, higher photosynthetic temperature optima and lower leaf conductances than the C3 species. The laboratory photosynthetic water use efficiency of the C4 species was approximately three times that of the C3 species.Field gas exchange responses of the above species were measured in situ a Chesapeake Bay tidal marsh. Despite differences in biological potential measured in the laboratory, all three species had similar in situ carbon exchange rates on a leaf area basis. On a dry weight basis, leaves of the two C4 species had about 1.4 times higher light saturated CO2 assimilation rates than the C3 species. Light saturation of CO2 exchange occurred at photosynthetic photon flux densities of 80 n Einstein cm-2s-1, compared with 160 n Einstein cm -2s-1 in the laboratory grown plants. Spartina patens and Scirpus olneyi had similar daily CO2 assimilation rates, but the daily transpiration rate of the C3 species was almost twice that of the C4 species. Spartina patens showed greater seasonal decrease in photosynthesis than Distichlis spicata and Scirpus olneyi. The two C4 grass species maintained higher mesophyll conductances and photosynthetic water use efficiencies than the C4 sedge. 相似文献
24.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 is known to stimulate photosynthesis and growth of plants with the C3 pathway but less of plants with the C4 pathway. An increase in the CO2 concentration can therefore be expected to change the competitive interactions between C3 and C4 species. The effect of long term exposure to elevated CO2 (ambient CO2 concentration +340 µmol CO2 mol-1) on a salt marsh vegetation with both C3 and C4 species was investigated. Elevated CO2 increased the biomass of the C3 sedgeScirpus olneyi growing in a pure stand, while the biomass of the C4 grassSpartina patens in a monospecific community was not affected. In the mixed C3/C4 community the C3 sedge showed a very large relative increase in biomass in elevated CO2 while the biomass of the C4 species declined.The C4 grassSpartina patens dominated the higher areas of the salt marsh, while the C3 sedgeScirpus olneyi was most abundant at the lower elevations, and the mixed community occupied intermediate elevations.Scirpus growth may have been restricted by drought and salt stress at the higher elevations, whileSpartina growth at the lower elevations may be affected by the higher frequency of flooding. Elevated CO2 may affect the species distribution in the salt marsh if it allowsScirpus to grow at higher elevations where it in turn may affect the growth ofSpartina. 相似文献
25.
Emily Sonestedt Sophie Hellstrand Christina-Alexandra Schulz Peter Wallstr?m Isabel Drake Ulrika Ericson Bo Gullberg Bo Hedblad Marju Orho-Melander 《PloS one》2015,10(4)
Background
It is still unclear whether carbohydrate consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Genetic susceptibility might modify the associations between dietary intakes and disease risk.Objectives
The aim was to examine the association between the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods (vegetables, fruits and berries, juice, potatoes, whole grains, refined grains, cookies and cakes, sugar and sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages) and the risk of incident ischemic CVD (iCVD; coronary events and ischemic stroke), and whether these associations differ depending on genetic susceptibility to dyslipidemia.Methods
Among 26,445 individuals (44–74 years; 62% females) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study cohort, 2,921 experienced an iCVD event during a mean follow-up time of 14 years. At baseline, dietary data were collected using a modified diet history method, and clinical risk factors were measured in 4,535 subjects. We combined 80 validated genetic variants associated with triglycerides and HDL-C or LDL-C, into genetic risk scores and examined the interactions between dietary intakes and genetic risk scores on the incidence of iCVD.Results
Subjects in the highest intake quintile for whole grains had a 13% (95% CI: 3–23%; p-trend: 0.002) lower risk for iCVD compared to the lowest quintile. A higher consumption of foods rich in added sugar (sugar and sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages) had a significant cross-sectional association with higher triglyceride concentrations and lower HDL-C concentrations. A stronger positive association between a high consumption of sugar and sweets on iCVD risk was observed among those with low genetic risk score for triglycerides (p-interaction=0.05).Conclusion
In this prospective cohort study that examined food sources of carbohydrates, individuals with a high consumption of whole grains had a decreased risk of iCVD. No convincing evidence of an interaction between genetic susceptibility for dyslipidemia, measured as genetic risk scores of dyslipidemia-associated variants, and the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods on iCVD risk was observed. 相似文献26.
The endosperm of Golden Rice (Oryza sativa) is yellow due to the accumulation of beta-carotene (provitamin A) and xanthophylls. The product of the two carotenoid biosynthesis transgenes used in Golden Rice, phytoene synthase (PSY) and the bacterial carotene desaturase (CRTI), is lycopene, which has a red color. The absence of lycopene in Golden Rice shows that the pathway proceeds beyond the transgenic end point and thus that the endogenous pathway must also be acting. By using TaqMan real-time PCR, we show in wild-type rice endosperm the mRNA expression of the relevant carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes encoding phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase, carotene cis-trans-isomerase, beta-lycopene cyclase, and beta-carotene hydroxylase; only PSY mRNA was virtually absent. We show that the transgenic phenotype is not due to up-regulation of expression of the endogenous rice pathway in response to the transgenes, as was suggested to be the case in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit, where CRTI expression resulted in a similar carotenoid phenomenon. This means that beta-carotene and xanthophyll formation in Golden Rice relies on the activity of constitutively expressed intrinsic rice genes (carotene cis-trans-isomerase, alpha/beta-lycopene cyclase, beta-carotene hydroxylase). PSY needs to be supplemented and the need for the CrtI transgene in Golden Rice is presumably due to insufficient activity of the phytoene desaturase and/or zeta-carotene desaturase enzyme in endosperm. The effect of CRTI expression was also investigated in leaves of transgenic rice and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, again, the mRNA levels of intrinsic carotenogenic enzymes remained unaffected; nevertheless, the carotenoid pattern changed, showing a decrease in lutein, while the beta-carotene-derived xanthophylls increased. This shift correlated with CRTI-expression and is most likely governed at the enzyme level by lycopene-cis-trans-isomerism. Possible implications are discussed. 相似文献
27.
Background
Women may have persistent risk of HIV acquisition during pregnancy and postpartum. Estimating risk of HIV during these periods is important to inform optimal prevention approaches. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate maternal HIV incidence during pregnancy/postpartum and to compare mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) risk among women with incident versus chronic infection.Methods and Findings
We searched PubMed, Embase, and AIDS-related conference abstracts between January 1, 1980, and October 31, 2013, for articles and abstracts describing HIV acquisition during pregnancy/postpartum. The inclusion criterion was studies with data on recent HIV during pregnancy/postpartum. Random effects models were constructed to pool HIV incidence rates, cumulative HIV incidence, hazard ratios (HRs), or odds ratios (ORs) summarizing the association between pregnancy/postpartum status and HIV incidence, and MTCT risk and rates. Overall, 1,176 studies met the search criteria, of which 78 met the inclusion criterion, and 47 contributed data. Using data from 19 cohorts representing 22,803 total person-years, the pooled HIV incidence rate during pregnancy/postpartum was 3.8/100 person-years (95% CI 3.0–4.6): 4.7/100 person-years during pregnancy and 2.9/100 person-years postpartum (p = 0.18). Pooled cumulative HIV incidence was significantly higher in African than non-African countries (3.6% versus 0.3%, respectively; p<0.001). Risk of HIV was not significantly higher among pregnant (HR 1.3, 95% CI 0.5–2.1) or postpartum women (HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–1.6) than among non-pregnant/non-postpartum women in five studies with available data. In African cohorts, MTCT risk was significantly higher among women with incident versus chronic HIV infection in the postpartum period (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.2–3.9) or in pregnancy/postpartum periods combined (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.4). However, the small number of studies limited power to detect associations and sources of heterogeneity.Conclusions
Pregnancy and the postpartum period are times of persistent HIV risk, at rates similar to “high risk” cohorts. MTCT risk was elevated among women with incident infections. Detection and prevention of incident HIV in pregnancy/postpartum should be prioritized, and is critical to decrease MTCT. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary 相似文献28.
Farnaud S Amini M Rapisarda C Cammack R Bui T Drake A Evans RW Suryo Rahmanto Y Richardson DR 《The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology》2008,40(12):2739-2745
Melanotransferrin (MTf) is a member of the transferrin (Tf) family of iron (Fe)-binding proteins that was first identified as a cell-surface marker of melanoma. Although MTf has a high-affinity Fe-binding site that is practically identical to that of serum Tf, the protein does not play an essential role in Fe homeostasis and its precise molecular function remains unclear. A Zn(II)-binding motif, distinct from the Fe-binding site, has been proposed in human MTf based on computer modelling studies. However, little is known concerning the interaction of its proposed binding site(s) with metals and the consequences in terms of MTf conformation. For the first time, biochemical and spectroscopic techniques have been used in this study to characterise metal ion-binding to recombinant MTf. Initially, the binding of Fe to MTf was examined using 6M urea gel electrophoresis. Although four different iron-loaded forms were observed with serum Tf, only two forms were found with MTf, the apo-form and the N-monoferric holo-protein, suggesting a single high-affinity site. The presence of a single Fe(III)-binding site was also supported by EPR results which indicated that the Fe(III)-binding characteristics of MTf were unique, but somewhat comparable to the N-lobes of human serum Tf and chicken ovo-Tf. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis indicated that, as for Tf, no changes in secondary structure could be observed upon Fe(III)-binding. The ability of MTf to bind Zn(II) was also investigated using CD which demonstrated that the single high-affinity Fe-binding site was distinct from a potential Zn(II)-binding site. 相似文献
29.
Abstract Pyrophosphatase (PPi ase) specific activities were much higher in anaerobic cultures of Escherichia coli (0.54 units) than in Clostridium pasteurianum (0.067 units) and Clostridium thermoaceticum (0.017 units) (1 unit = 1 μ mole PPi hydrolyzed/min per mg cell dry wt.), and were fairly constant throughout the growth of all three organisms. Conversely, intracellular levels of pyrophosphate (PPi ) were very low and constant in E. coli throughout growth (0.3 mM), while those of C. pasteurianum and C. thermoaceticum were higher (1.44 and 0.8 mM, respectively) and peaked sharply during mid log-phase of growth. PPi ase and intracellular PPi remained relatively constant in E. coli when grown aerobically or anaerobically, and when growth was in medium containing PPi as the sole source of supplemental phosphorus. 相似文献
30.
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a widely used phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide and subject to aerobic microbial degradation. Earthworms stimulate both growth and activity of MCPA-degrading bacteria in soil. Thus, active MCPA degraders in soil and drilosphere (i.e. burrow walls, gut content and cast) were assessed by 16S rRNA stable isotope probing in soil columns under experimental conditions designed to minimize laboratory incubation biases. Agriculturally relevant concentrations of [(13) C]MCPA (20 μg g(dw) (-1)) were degraded in soil within 23 and 27 days in the presence and absence of earthworms respectively. Total 16S rRNA analysis revealed 73 operational taxonomic units indicative of active Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia in soil and drilosphere derived material. Seven operational taxonomic units indicative of Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes consumed MCPA-[(13) C]. Dominant consumers of MCPA-[(13) C] were Alphaproteobacteria (Sphingomonadaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae) in soil and drilosphere. Beta- (Comamonadaceae) and Gammaproteobacteria (Xanthomonadaceae) were also important MCPA-[(13) C] consumers in burrow walls only, indicating that earthworms favour betaproteobacterial MCPA degraders. In oxic microcosms with bulk soil, burrow walls and cast, 20 and 300-400 μg g(dw) (-1) [(13) C]MCPA were consumed within 24 h and 20 days respectively. Gut contents did not facilitate the degradation of [(13) C]MCPA. Sphingomonadaceae dominated MCPA-[(13) C] consumers in bulk soil and burrow wall microcosms, while Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria (Burkholderiacea, Comamonadaceae, Oxalobacteraceae and Xanthomonadaceae) dominated MCPA-[(13) C] consumers in microcosms of cast, indicating that the latter taxa are prone to respond to MCPA in cast. The collective data indicated that Alphaproteobacteria are major MCPA degraders in soil and drilosphere. 相似文献