Intramuscular loading dose of quinine for falciparum malaria: pharmacokinetics and toxicity.

In a study of intramuscular injection of quinine eight adults with moderately severe falciparum malaria resistant to chloroquine were treated with quinine dihydrochloride, being given a loading dose of 20 mg salt (16.7 mg base)/kg followed by three or four eight hourly maintenance doses of 10 mg salt (8.3 mg base)/kg injected into the anterior thigh. All patients responded to treatment. Fever and parasite clearance times (mean (SD) 60 (23) h and 53 (22) h respectively) were comparable with those obtained with intravenous quinine. The mean peak plasma quinine concentration of 11.0 mg/l (34.4 mu mol/l) [corrected] was reached a median of five hours after administration of the loading dose. In all patients plasma quinine concentrations exceeded the high minimum inhibitory concentration for Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalent in Thailand within four hours of the start of treatment but did not cause toxicity other than mild cinchonism. When intravenous infusion is not possible an intramuscular quinine loading dose is an effective means of starting treatment in patients with moderately severe falciparum malaria who cannot swallow tablets.     

Growth of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses in human neural cell lines

Growth of cell-free subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus was compared with that of measles virus in three human neural cell lines; neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma. The Edmonston strain of measles virus replicated in these neural cells as efficiently as in Vero cells. In contrast, the growth of the Mantooth strain of SSPE virus was suppressed moderately in neuroblastoma cells and markedly in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells in spite of the induction of apparent cytopathic effects in these cells. Virus adsorption, defective interfering particles, interferon, and temperature sensitivity were not responsible for this low yield of SSPE virus in neural cell lines. Synthesis of viral proteins of SSPE virus was slower than that of measles virus in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells. These results suggest that the slow rate of synthesis of viral proteins may be relevant to the low yield of SSPE virus in neural cells.     

Androgenic stimulation of endocytosis, amino acid and hexose transport in mouse kidney cortex involves increased calcium fluxes

Testosterone was previously shown to induce an early (less than 1 min) receptor-dependent stimulation of endocytosis, hexose and amino acid transport in mouse kidney cortex (Koenig, H., Goldstone, A. and Lu, C.Y. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 104, 165-172). Testosterone (10(-8) M) has now been found to stimulate rapidly (less than 30 s) the influx and efflux of 45Ca2+ in cortex slices. Testosterone also decreased mitochondrial 45Ca and augmented soluble 45Ca, indicating a mobilization of intracellular calcium. Incubation of cortex slices in calcium-free medium without or with 2.5 mM EGTA decreased basal endocytosis, hexose and amino acid transport and blocked the hormonal response. 100 microM verapamil blocked the hormonal response without affecting basal transport. The calcium ionophore A23187 rapidly stimulated endocytosis, hexose and amino acid transport. These data indicate that androgenic stimulation of membrane transport functions involves an increased influx of extracellular calcium and a mobilization of intracellular calcium. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ is probably the regulatory signal for these transport processes.     

Cleavage of dT8 and dT8 phosphorothioyl analogues by Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I: product and rate analysis

Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I catalyzes the cleavage of short, single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides with dT8 as the shortest cleavable oligo(thymidylic acid). The 5'-32P-labeled products formed from the cleavage of [5'-32P]dT8 are dT5, dT4, and dT3 with over 70% of the substrate cleaved to dT4. Mg(II) ions affect this product distribution by increasing the percentage of dT4 formed. The substitution of a sulfur atom for a nonbridging oxygen atom in a phosphodiester linkage yields oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioyl (PS) analogues. The epimers of the analogues were separated, and the position and stereochemistry of the phosphorothiodiester bond were determined. Topoisomerase I is stereospecific in its reactivity toward these analogues. With the oligodeoxynucleotide PS analogue substrates, the rate of cleavage, the stereospecificity, and the product distribution depend upon the position and the stereochemistry of the phosphorothiodiester linkage.     

A Simple Survival Model for Combined Action of Two Damaging Agents

The aim of this study was mathematical formalization of the development of two damage processes in response to the combined action of two different damaging agents. The model allows to obtain the parametric family of distributions for the life-span when the organism's death is due to joint effect of two damage processes. Differing by their probabilistic meaning the notions of a priori (M (t)) and a posteriori (M(y)) conditional mean contributions of each damage process to the final effect of combined injury are introduced. The formulas permitting to compute the M and M values on the basis of survival data parametric analysis are given.     

Ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal at the gastro-oesophageal junction of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

The ultrastructure of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the oesophagus of the monkey resembled that described in the oesophagus of other mammalian species but differed in their paucity and almost lack of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, caveolae and filaments. The plasmalemma of the ICC was in close contact (20- to 30-nm gaps) with that of smooth muscle cells. This may occasionally take the form of a desmosome, but gap junctions have not been observed. Vesiculated axon profiles, containing large granular or agranular vesicles were in close contact (20- to 30-nm gaps) with the plasmalemma of ICC. In a few vesiculated profiles a presynaptic density could be recognized. The intercalation of the ICC between the vesiculated axon profiles and the smooth muscle cells suggest a role in oesophageal motility. Between 3 and 21 days following bilateral vagotomy some ICC showed regressive changes such as increased electron density and shrinkage of the cytoplasm, crowding of the organelles and dissolution of the nuclear chromatin material. Axon profiles in the vicinity of the affected ICC contained glycogen granules suggesting injury. In late stages, the number of ICC and smooth muscle contacts was reduced. The results suggest that the vagus nerves exert a trophic influence on the ICC and that the intercellular relationships between ICC and smooth muscle cells possess a degree of plasticity. It is tentatively suggested that these vagal effects may be mediated via the oesophageal myenteric ganglia.     

Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the ventral prostate from the hopping mouse Notomys alexis

The large ventral prostate of the hopping mouse has abundant secretory units whose epithelial cells vary in height and which often have nuclei in the apical region of the cell. TEM observations indicated two epithelial cell types in which some unusual features occurred. Type A cells had granular endoplasmetic reticulum (GER) whose membranes often formed intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae. Type B cells had more fragmented and vesiculated GER with sparse ribosomes and less frequently also intracytoplasmic confronting confronting cisternae. In the latter cells, two types of granules were found, one of which was derived from the Golgi and the other possibly directly from the GER. Type A cells only had one type of granule present. A highly convoluted membrane was also found at the basal region in many of the cells. The significance of these unusual ultrastructural features has yet to be ascertained.     

Neuronal pathways from low-threshold muscle and cutaneous afferents innervating tail to trunk muscle motoneurons in the cat

We studied neuronal pathways from low-threshold muscle (group I, II) and cutaneous afferents (group A(alpha)beta) innervating the tail to motoneurons innervating trunk muscles (m. iliocostalis lumborum and m. obliquus externus abdominus) in 18 spinalized cats. Stimulation of group I muscle afferents produced excitatory postsynaptic potentials or excitatory postsynaptic potentials followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in all motoneurons innervating the m. iliocostalis lumborum which showed effects (32%), and predominantly inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons innervating the m. obliquus externus abdominus (47%). Stimulation of group I+II afferents produced significant increases of the incidence of motoneurons showing postsynaptic potentials (the notoneurons innervating the m. iliocostalis lumborum, 87%; the motoneurons innervating the m. obliquus externus abdominus, 82%). The effects of low threshold cutaneous afferents were bilateral, predominantly producing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons innervating both muscles. These results suggest that neuronal pathways from muscle afferents to back muscle motoneurons mainly increase the stiffness of the trunk to maintain its stability, while those to abdominal muscles help to extend the dorsal column by decreasing their activities. The results also indicate that neuronal pathways from cutaneous afferents to trunk motoneurons functionallY disconnect the tail from the trunk.