Analysis of selection in populations observed over a sequence of consecutive generations

Summary A statistical model is presented for dealing with genotypic frequency data obtained from a single population observed over a run of consecutive generations. This model takes into account possible correlations that exist between generations by conditioning the marginal probability distribution of any one generation on the previously observed generation. Maximum likelihood estimates of the fitness parameters are derived and a hypothesis testing framework developed. The model is very general, and in this paper is applied to random-mating, selfing, parthenogenetic and mixed random-mating and selfing populations with respect to a single locus, g-allele model with constant genotypic fitness differences with all selection occurring either before or after sampling. The assumptions behind this model are contrasted with those of alternative techniques such as minimum chi-square or unconditional maximum likelihood estimation when the marginal likelihoods for any one generation are conditioned only on the initial conditions and not the previous generation. The conditional model is most appropriate when the sample size per generation is large either in an absolute sense or in relation to the total population size. Minimum chi-square and the unconditional likelihood are most appropriate when the population size is effectively infinite and the samples are small. Both models are appropriate when the samples are large and the population size is effectively infinite. Under these last conditions, the conditional model may be preferred because it has greater robustness with respect to small deviations from the underlying assumptions and has a greater simplicity of form. Furthermore, if any genetic drift occurs in the experiment, the minimum chi-square and unconditional likelihood approaches can create spurious evidence for selection while the conditional approach will not. Worked examples are presented.This study was supported in part by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Contract AT (11-1) -1552 to the Department of Human Genetics (CFS), University of Michigan, and by National Science Foundation Grant BMS 74-17453 awarded to the author.     

Aspect cytologique et localisation intranucléaire de l'hétérochromatine constitutive des chromosomes C9 chez l'homme

Using a specific technique which stains the secondary constriction of number 9 chromosomes in man, we observed that this segment frequently appears to be composed of multiple small units packed together in metaphase as well as in interphase. During prophase of the first meiotic division in man, this segment looks like a diffuse structure, suggesting division and multiplication of these units. On the other hand, the C9 bodies observed in interphase with this cytological procedure are frequently associated with the nucleolus. This heterochromatin is less compact than previously shown and may represent repetitive DNA with a specific role.

---

---

Travail subventionné par une bourse nationale du Canada pour la Santé, projet no. 604-7-779.     

Effect of LSD on mitotic and meiotic plant chromosomes

LSD was found to induce chromosomal aberrations in root tip cells of Allium cepa, Hordeum vulgare and Secale cereale. Aberrations occurred in the form of chromatid and isochromatid breaks with most of these breaks failing to rejoin. The distribution of chromosome breaks was not uniform over the length of chromosomes, and a majority of the breaks were localized at the centromeric regions. For a given dose of LSD (30 g/ml), onion appeared to be more susceptible than barley or rye. The diploid and tetraploid rye used in the study showed no appreciable difference in sensitivity to LSD treatment. — A preliminary study on meiotic chromosomes in LSD-treated diploid rye revealed the presence of univalents, chromosome breaks and fragments, suggesting that LSD can induce meiotic abnormalities in plant material.Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky. The investigation reported in this paper (73-3-75) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with the approval of the Director.     

High resolution studies on the pattern of induced exchanges in the human karyotype

The pattern of breakage and exchange induced by X-irradiation of human lymphocytes at G₁ has been analysed in PHA transformed cultures at X₁ metaphase in cells treated with trypsin. All the events observed occurred in interband segments. Moreover, as far as the autosomes were concerned, these events appear to be at random in relation to trypsin interband length but give some indication of non-randomness when total chromosome length is considered. The X and Y chromosomes, on the other hand, show far fewer breaks than would be expected whichever criterion is adopted, and in particular appear to be isolated from the autosomes with respect to the occurrence of exchange events. — The analysis of specific break points in relation to trypsin banding sequences, makes it clear that conclusions regarding chromosome rearrangements based solely on conventional preparations may be misleading.     

ESR-Untersuchungen an röntgenbestrahlten Leucin-Salzen

Zusammenfassung Die Radikalausbeute in röntgenbestrahltem L-Leucin -HCl beträgt bei ZimmertemperaturG _R=2,2. Kinetische Messungen ergaben Hinweise, daß bei Zimmertemperatur mehr als ein Radikaltyp vorliegt. Aus der Dosiseffektkurve sowie der Kinetik und thermischen Stabilität der Radikale nach höheren Bestrahlungsdosen wird geschlossen, daß ihre Stabilisierung in der Festkörpermatrix durch eine mit steigender Dosis zunehmende Anhäufung von Rekombinationsprodukten verringert wird.

---

ESR-studies on X-irradiated salts of leucineII. Radical yield and radical kinetics in irradiated L-Leucine · HCl

Summary The free radical yield in L-Leucine · HCl following X-irradiation at room temperature isG _R=2,2. The kinetic study shows more than one radical type. From the shape of the dose-yield-curve as well as the kinetics and the annealing behaviour of the radicals after higher irradation doses we assume, that the stabilisation of the radicals by the surrounding lattice is reduced with increasing accumulation of recombination products.

---

---

1. Mitteilung: ESR-Untersuchungen zur Radikalstruktur in bestrahltem L-Leucin-HCl. Biophysik5, 14 (1968).

---

Herrn Prof. Dr. habil.Kh. Lohs möchten wir für die Unterstützung und Diskussion dieser Arbeit danken. Frl. G.Klein danken wit für die umsichtige und sorgfältige technische Mitarbeit.     

Comparison of growth curves of mice selected and unselected for postweaning gain

Summary Mice were sampled from a line selected for increased postweaning weight gain from three to six weeks and from a randombred control line originating from the same base population. Body weights were recorded at each of 14 ages from day 5 to day 98. The Richards and logistic growth functions were fitted to the growth trajectories of each individual mouse by a generalized non-linear least squares procedure. Estimated growth parameters (asymptotic weight, rate, shape of curve, age and weight at inflection, mean absolute growth rate and mean relative growth rate) were computed for each individual. The effects of line, litter within line, sex and line × sex interactions on these estimated parameters were then studied.Both the Richards and logistic functions fitted the data equally well and the plotted trajectories coincided over most of the growth curve. There was excellent agreement between the estimates of asymptotic weight and both age and weight at inflection based on the different functions. However, both functions apparently underestimated the asymptotic weight.Analyses of the line differences showed that selection for postweaning gain increased the mean absolute growth rate over the entire curve but had no effect on the relative growth rate or the shape of the growth curve. Full-sib analyses suggested the presence of considerable genetic variation and some high genetic correlations among the estimated growth parameters.Paper number 2942 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. This research was supported in part by Public Health Service Research Grant GM 11546. Computing services were supported by NIH Grant FR-00011.     

Beobachtungen zur fortpflanzungsbiologie und zum verhalten der geißelspinne tarantula marginemaculata C. L. Koch (Chelicerata,Amblypygi)

The social behaviour of T. m. includes ritualized fights. Sperm transfer is achieved by means of a spermatophore deposited on the ground and by the male pulling the female over it. The behaviour and the spermatophore are described and compared to those of other arachnids and the phylogenetical implications are discussed.     

Ein überzähliger genitalapparat bei einem rhabdocölen Turbellar

A specimen of Ethmorhynchus anophthalmus Meixner 1938 contains a complex of supernumerary genital organs in front of the pharynx. The phenomenon elucidates some traits in the morphogenesis of the atrial organs.

---

Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen At Atrium genitale - Bu Bursa - Ci Cirrus des Kopulationsorganes - Dc Ductus communis - Ho Hoden - Ke Keimstock - Kop Kopulationsorgan - Ph Pharynx - R Rüssel - Sa Samenblase     

Morphologic der seeigelzähne II. Die gekielten Zähne der echinacea (Echinodermata,echinoidea)

Structure and growth of a keeled tooth are discussed with Paracentrotus lividus as the main example. The microscopic structure of the tooth skeletons of other sea urchins was compared, considering at least one member of each family with the exception of Saleniidae. Attention is called to the necessary revision of the system of sea urchins.

---

---

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.