Ultrastruktur und polysaccharidanteile der cuticula von Triops cancriformis Bosc. (Crustacea,Notostraca) während der Häutungsvorbereitung

Zusammenfassung Die Cuticula von Triops cancriformis besteht aus Endo-, Exo- und Epicuticula. Die Epicuticula ist aus vier Schichten aufgebaut, die Exocuticula aus 10 und die Endocuticula aus 60–80. Die Schichten der Endocuticula sind aus annähernd oberflächenparallel verlaufenden Mikrofibrillen, die zu Lamellulae zusammentreten, gebildet. Diese Lamellulae atehen senkrecht zur Oberfläche. Die Lamellulae der einzelnen Lagen verlaufen im rechten Winkel zu denen der Nachbarlagen. In Sinnesborsten verläuft so ein Teil der Fibrillen in Längsrichtung, der andere quer zur Längsachse.Polysaccharide finden sich in den Lamellulae, in zwei Schichten der Epicuticula, den Desmosomen und als Glykogengranula in Epidermiszellen.Die Häutung zeigt anscheinend keine Besonderheiten gegenüber anderen Arthropoden.

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Ultrastructure and polysaccharide content of the cuticle of Triops cancriformis Bosc. (Crustacea, Notostraca) during the Molting preparation

Summary The cuticle of Triops cancriformis consists of endo-, exo- and epicuticle. The epicuticle comprises 4 layers, the epocuticle 10 and the endocuticle 60–80 layers. The layers of the endocuticle consist of microfibrils. These microfibrils are almost parallel to the surface of the cuticle and merge into lamellulae. These lamellulae run vertical to the surface. The lamellulae in any one layer are at right angles to the lamellulae in the neighbouring layers. Thus, some of the fibrils in sensory setae are parallel to the longitudinal axis and others are perpendicular to it.Polysaccharides are found in the lamellulae, in two layers of the epicuticle, in the attachment regions and in the glycogen deposits in the epidermis cells.The molting process seems to be similar to the molting process of other arthropoda.

     

Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen zur haftborstenentwicklung bei Tarentola m. mauritanica L. (Reptilia,Gekkonidae)

Zusammenfassung Kurz nach einer Hdutung wird bei Tarentola m. m. bereits die übemächste Epidermisgeneration — und somit auch die der Haftborsten —angelegt. Das geschieht vornehmlich in der Oz- (Oberhäutchenzellen-) und in der Hs-Schicht (clear layer). Zunächst entstehen die Aufspaltungen der Haftborstenenden, indem Keratinfilamentbündel nach einem bestimmten System von den Oz-Zellen aus in die Hs-Zellen einwachsen. Auf these Weise fungieren die Zellen der Hs-Schicht als Matrix der Haftborsten. Nach Abschluß dieses Prozesses werden die eigentlichen Haftborsten gebildet unter gleichzeitigem Auseinanderrücken der Hs- und Oz-Schichten. Die Hs-Schicht behdlt ihre Matrizen-Funktion bis zur anschließenden Häutung bei.

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Light and electron microscope studies of developing setae of Tarentola m. mauritanica (Rept., Gekkonidae)

Summary In Tarentola m. mauritanica the next epidermis generation but one and therefore the adhesive setae of the generation after this begin to develop shortly after a skin has been shed. This development takes place principally in the horny layer (Oz) and the clear layer. First bundles of keratin filaments radiate from the horny layer into the clear layer, thus giving rise to the split distal parts of the adhesive bristles. Thus the cells in the clear layer act as a matrix for the setae. When this stage is complete the formation of the setae proper begins, while the horny layer and the clear layer become separated from each other. The clear layer retains its function as matrix for the setae until the next time a skin is shed.

     

The histones of the ciliated protozoan Stylonychia mytilus

Histones were extracted from pure macronuclei, micronuclei and macronucleus anlagen and from chromatin which was isolated from these different nuclear fractions. Analysis of these preparations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed differences in electrophoretic patterns between the histones of these nuclei.     

Analysis of selection in populations observed over a sequence of consecutive generations

Summary A statistical model is presented for dealing with genotypic frequency data obtained from a single population observed over a run of consecutive generations. This model takes into account possible correlations that exist between generations by conditioning the marginal probability distribution of any one generation on the previously observed generation. Maximum likelihood estimates of the fitness parameters are derived and a hypothesis testing framework developed. The model is very general, and in this paper is applied to random-mating, selfing, parthenogenetic and mixed random-mating and selfing populations with respect to a single locus, g-allele model with constant genotypic fitness differences with all selection occurring either before or after sampling. The assumptions behind this model are contrasted with those of alternative techniques such as minimum chi-square or unconditional maximum likelihood estimation when the marginal likelihoods for any one generation are conditioned only on the initial conditions and not the previous generation. The conditional model is most appropriate when the sample size per generation is large either in an absolute sense or in relation to the total population size. Minimum chi-square and the unconditional likelihood are most appropriate when the population size is effectively infinite and the samples are small. Both models are appropriate when the samples are large and the population size is effectively infinite. Under these last conditions, the conditional model may be preferred because it has greater robustness with respect to small deviations from the underlying assumptions and has a greater simplicity of form. Furthermore, if any genetic drift occurs in the experiment, the minimum chi-square and unconditional likelihood approaches can create spurious evidence for selection while the conditional approach will not. Worked examples are presented.This study was supported in part by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Contract AT (11-1) -1552 to the Department of Human Genetics (CFS), University of Michigan, and by National Science Foundation Grant BMS 74-17453 awarded to the author.