Thirst and artificial heat acclimatization in man

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum osmotic changes, water intake and water balance in four, fit young men during and after exercise in the heat, before and after artificial heat acclimatization. During exercise, before steady-state conditions were reached, voluntary water intakes generally paralleled but were not proportional to the serum osmotic pressure. In steady-state conditions, drinking was approximately proportional to the effective osmotic pressure of the serum. During the post-exercise recovery period, when serum osmolarity returned to normal levels, water intake also subsided even though there was a total body water (wt) deficit of about 3%. Body weight did not return to control levels until 62 to 86 hr following the exercise. This slow recovery could not be accounted for by a loss of water associated with glycogen utilization during exercise or by sweat electrolyte depletion. In general, the results supported Dill's hypothesis but plasma volume changes, in addition to osmotic factors,are very likely operative in the initiation and satiation of drinking under these conditions. Perhaps slower acting volume control mechanisms mediate the slow recovery of total body water.

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Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde die Beziehung zwischen osmotischen Veränderungen im Serum, Wasseraufnahme und Wassergleichgewicht bei 4 gesunden,jungen Männern während und nach körperlicher Arbeit in der Hitze vor und nach künstlicher Hitzeakklimatisation. Die freiwillige Wasseraufnahme während der Arbeit, ehe ein steady state erreicht wurde, war im allgemeinen gleichlaufend, aber nicht proportional dem osmotischen Serumdruck. Im steady state war die Trinkmenge ungefähr proportional dem effektiven osmotischen Serumdruck. Wenn die Serumosmolarität während der Erholungsphase zur normalen Werten zurückkehrte, liess die Wasseraufnahme ebenfalls nach,obwohl das Gesamtkörperwasserdefizit ungefähr 3% betrug.Die Körpergewichte erreichten die Ausgangswerte 62–86 Std nach der Arbeit. Diese langsame Erholung war nicht bedingt durch einen Wasserverlust dur Glykogenverwertung während der Arbeit oder durch Elektrolytverluste beim Schwitzen. Die Ergebnisse stützen Dill's Hypothese, doch unter diesen Bedingungen wirken Plasmavolumen-Veränderungen zusätzlich zu osmotischen Faktoren sehr wahrscheinlich mit bei der Auslösung des Trinkens und der Sättiging mit Wasser. Vielleicht vermitteln langsamer wirkende Volumenkontrollmechanismen die langsame Wiederherstellung der Gesamtkörper-Wasservorräte.

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Resume On a examiné les relations existant chez 4 jeunes hommes sains entre les variations de la pression osmotiques du sérum d'une part,l'ingestion d'eau et l'équilibre acqueux du corps d'autre part et cela pendant et après un travail corporel à la chaleur tant avant qu'après une acclimatisation artificielle au chaud.L'ingestion volontaire d'eau évolue similairement à la pression osmotique du sérum, mais ne lui est pas proportionnel. Ce phénomène s'observe jusqu'à ce qu'un état dit stationnaire soit atteint. Dès ce moment, les quantités bues sont à peu près proportionnelles à la pression osmotique effective. Pendant la phase de récupération, la pression osmotique redevient normale et l'eau ingérée diminue bien que le déficit en eau pour le corps entier soit encore de 3% environ.Le poids du corps ne retrouve sa valeur initiale que 62 à 86 heures après la période de travail. Ce lent rétablissement n'est pas dû à des pertes d'eau par suite de l'utilisation de glycogènes pendant l'exercice ou par suite de la perte d'électrolytes par la sueur. Ces résultats viennent confirmer les hypothèses de Dill. Pourtant, dans ces conditions, les variations de volume du plasma agissent très vraisemblablement en plus des facteurs osmotiques dans le besoin de boire ou l'état de satiété. Il est possible que des mécanismes de contrôle du volume agissant plus lentement président aux phénomènes de rétablissement des réserves en eau dans son ensemble.

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Results were presented in part at the "Symposium on Nutrition and Physical Activity", The Swedish Nutrition Foundation, Tylösand, Sweden, 15–17 August,1966.     

DRUGS IN PREGNANCY—Their Effects on the Fetus and Newborn

In considering drug therapy for pregnant women, it must be borne in mind that almost all chemical compounds in use as therapeutic agents pass from the maternal to the fetal circulation through the placenta. These drugs can produce a wide range of harmful effects on the fetus and neonatal infant. The effects of some substances for which we have data reflecting a deleterious effect are listed.It is suggested that in the future more caution be exercised in using drugs during pregnancy and that in histories, both obstetrical and pediatric, any therapy given to the mother during gestation be recorded in detail.     

In vitro differentiation of rabbit blastocyst cells

Summary Six- and seven-day post-coitus (p.c.) rabbit embryos have been cultured in an attempt to establish a trophectodermal cell line. Results indicate that cells with epithelial characteristics (i.e. positive staining for cytokeratin) will survive in culture until Passage 3. At that time a fibroblastlike cell becomes predominant. In addition, we have found that the presence of the inner cell mass is required for embryo explants often results in the development of cells that spontaneously contract. These cells stain positively for myosin, which indicates that they may be precardiac cells. Maximum diastolic potential was −59±1.2 mV and the threshold potential was −53±2.3 mV. Spontaneously contracting cells did not respond to atropine, acetylcholine, epinephrine, isoproterenol, or propranolol. Action potential seems to be a result of an inward calcium current, because the beating rate is decreased in a dose-related manner with the calcium channel blocker verapamil, whereas the voltage-sensitive sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin was without effect. This work was supported by grants HD21302, HD07069, DK31091, and HL37320 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, with additional support from a University of Alabama at Birmingham Cardviovascular Research and Training Center Award.     

The role of excision repair in the removal of transient benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA lesions in Chinese hamster ovary cells

In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, benzo[a]pyrene induces both persistent and transient lesions that are detected by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis (ASG sites). The transient lesions disappear within 15 min while the persistent lesions can be detected for several hours following treatment. Although the persistent ASG sites are believed to be repaired by excision repair, the process responsible for the disappearance of the transient ASG sites is unknown. To determine the contribution of excision repair to the removal of these transient lesions, CHO cells were treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) in the presence of the inhibitors of excision repair, araC and novobiocin. The results indicate that: (1) araC inhibits the removal of persistent, but not the transient B(a)P-induced ASG sites; (2) novobiocin, a putative inhibitor of the incision step of DNA excision repair, reduced the number of lesions detected immediately following treatment, indicating that many of these lesions may represent single-strand discontinuities generated during repair; and (3) the lesions detected in the presence of novobiocin disappear rapidly following treatment. Based on these results, we concluded that B(a)P-induced transient ASG sites are repaired by a process other than excision repair.