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11.
Research on life history strategies of microbial symbionts is key to understanding the evolution of cooperation with hosts, but also their survival between hosts. Rhizobia are soil bacteria known for fixing nitrogen inside legume root nodules. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous root symbionts that provide plants with nutrients and other benefits. Both kinds of symbionts employ strategies to reproduce during symbiosis using host resources; to repopulate the soil; to survive in the soil between hosts; and to find and infect new hosts. Here we focus on the fitness of the microbial symbionts and how interactions at each of these stages has shaped microbial life-history strategies. During symbiosis, microbial fitness could be increased by diverting more resources to individual reproduction, but that may trigger fitness-reducing host sanctions. To survive in the soil, symbionts employ sophisticated strategies, such as persister formation for rhizobia and reversal of spore germination by mycorrhizae. Interactions among symbionts, from rhizobial quorum sensing to fusion of genetically distinct fungal hyphae, increase adaptive plasticity. The evolutionary implications of these interactions and of microbial strategies to repopulate and survive in the soil are largely unexplored. 相似文献
12.
van der Ven K De Wit M Keil D Moens L Van Leemput K Naudts B De Coen W 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2005,141(4):408-417
The environmental fate and ecotoxicological effect of pharmaceuticals are poorly understood, and standardized tests to detect and evaluate their potential effects in the environment are not available. We developed a zebrafish brain-specific microarray containing 682 neurologically relevant cDNA-fragments. To investigate the applicability of this microarray for studying neurotoxic modes-of-action and impact assessment of neuro-active pharmaceuticals in zebrafish, chlorpromazine was used as a model compound. After exposure to chlorpromazine (75 μg/L) for 2, 4, 14 and 28 days or control treatment RNA was extracted from brains of males and females. Fluorescently labeled cDNA was prepared and hybridized to the custom microarray. In total, 56 genes were differentially expressed in brains of male and/or female zebrafish, of which most genes were down-regulated. A clear difference in response to chlorpromazine exposure between males and females was observed with exposure time as well as in functional classes of affected genes. The presented study is one of the first reports on molecular effects of human neuro-active pharmaceuticals in aquatic non-target organisms. This new genomic tool successfully detected gene expression effects of exposure to chlorpromazine in the brain of zebrafish. Reported gene expression effects are found to be consistent with literature data for other laboratory animals. 相似文献
13.
Ilse Van Gucht Josephina A.N. Meester Jotte Rodrigues Bento Maaike Bastiaansen Jarl Bastianen Ilse Luyckx Lotte Van Den Heuvel Cédric H.G. Neutel Pieter-Jan Guns Mandy Vermont Erik Fransen Melanie H.A.M. Perik Joe Davis Velchev Maaike Alaerts Dorien Schepers Silke Peeters Isabel Pintelon Abdulrahman Almesned Aline Verstraeten 《American journal of human genetics》2021,108(6):1115-1125
14.
Gianmarco Rinaldi Erica Pranzini Joke Van Elsen Dorien Broekaert Cornelius M. Funk Mélanie Planque Ginevra Doglioni Patricia Altea-Manzano Matteo Rossi Vincent Geldhof Shao Thing Teoh Christina Ross Kent W. Hunter Sophia Y. Lunt Thomas G.P. Grünewald Sarah-Maria Fendt 《Molecular cell》2021,81(2):386-397.e7
15.
Despite some progress in the field of gene transfer into hard-to-transfect cells, so far an efficient nonviral method for monocytes has not been available. A comparison of plasmid DNA with capped and polyadenylated mRNA for enhanced green fluorescent protein gene delivery into the commonly used monocytic cell lines U937 and THP-1 suggested that limited DNA trafficking may be the underlying cause of poor transfection results. As Nucleofector technology delivers DNA (or mRNA) straight into the nucleus, we obtained nucleofection efficiencies of up to 80% without significant cell toxicity. Moreover, as the DNA quickly reaches the nucleus, nucleofected cells were ready for analysis after only 2–6 h. The technique is suitable not only for monocytes but also for other hard-to-transfect cells. 相似文献
16.
Bram Knegt Tomas T. Meijer Merijn R. Kant E. Toby Kiers Martijn Egas 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(10):4375-4390
Plant defense suppression is an offensive strategy of herbivores, in which they manipulate plant physiological processes to increase their performance. Paradoxically, defense suppression does not always benefit the defense‐suppressing herbivores, because lowered plant defenses can also enhance the performance of competing herbivores and can expose herbivores to increased predation. Suppression of plant defense may therefore entail considerable ecological costs depending on the presence of competitors and natural enemies in a community. Hence, we hypothesize that the optimal magnitude of suppression differs among locations. To investigate this, we studied defense suppression across populations of Tetranychus evansi spider mites, a herbivore from South America that is an invasive pest of solanaceous plants including cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, in other parts of the world. We measured the level of expression of defense marker genes in tomato plants after infestation with mites from eleven different T. evansi populations. These populations were chosen across a range of native (South American) and non‐native (other continents) environments and from different host plant species. We found significant variation at three out of four defense marker genes, demonstrating that T. evansi populations suppress jasmonic acid‐ and salicylic acid‐dependent plant signaling pathways to varying degrees. While we found no indication that this variation in defense suppression was explained by differences in host plant species, invasive populations tended to suppress plant defense to a smaller extent than native populations. This may reflect either the genetic lineage of T. evansi—as all invasive populations we studied belong to one linage and both native populations to another—or the absence of specialized natural enemies in invasive T. evansi populations. 相似文献
17.
Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1459-1474 ABSTRACT: There is growing concern that rapid environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind species to a common fate, mutualism breakdown has the potential to expand and accelerate effects of global change on biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption. The current focus on the ecological dynamics of mutualism under global change has skirted fundamental evolutionary issues. Here, we develop an evolutionary perspective on mutualism breakdown to complement the ecological perspective, by focusing on three processes: (1) shifts from mutualism to antagonism, (2) switches to novel partners and (3) mutualism abandonment. We then identify the evolutionary factors that may make particular classes of mutualisms especially susceptible or resistant to breakdown and discuss how communities harbouring mutualisms may be affected by these evolutionary responses. We propose a template for evolutionary research on mutualism resilience and identify conservation approaches that may help conserve targeted mutualisms in the face of environmental change. 相似文献
18.
Wim Martinet Dorien M. Schrijvers Jean-Pierre Timmermans Hidde Bult Guido R.Y. De Meyer 《Autophagy》2013,9(3):386-402
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an indispensable standard method to monitor macroautophagy in tissue samples. Because TEM is time consuming and not suitable for daily routine, many groups try to identify macroautophagy in tissue by conventional immunohistochemistry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether immunohistochemical assessment of macroautophagy-related marker proteins such as LC3, ATG5, CTSD/cathepsin D, BECN1/Beclin 1 or SQSTM1/p62 is feasible and autophagy-specific. For this purpose, livers from starved mice were used as a model because hepatocytes are highly sensitive to autophagy induction. ATG7-deficient mouse livers served as negative control. Our findings indicate that unambiguous immunodetection of LC3 in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens was hampered due to low in situ levels of this protein. Maximum sensitivity could only be obtained using high-quality, isoform-specific antibodies, such as antibody 5F10, in combination with Envision+ signal amplification. Moreover, LC3 stains were optimal in neutral-buffered formalin-fixed tissue, immersed in citrate buffer during antigen retrieval. However, even when using this methodology, LC3 monitoring required overexpression of the protein, e.g., in GFP-LC3 transgenic mice. This was not only the case for the liver but also for other organs including heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and gut. Immunohistochemical detection of the autophagy-related proteins ATG5, CTSD or BECN1 is not recommendable for monitoring autophagy, due to lack of differential gene expression or doubtful specificity. SQSTM1 accumulated in autophagy-deficient liver, thus it is not a useful marker for tissue with autophagic activity. We conclude that TEM remains an indispensable technique for in situ evaluation of macroautophagy, particularly in clinical samples for which genetic manipulation or other in vitro techniques are not feasible. 相似文献
19.
ZNF674: a new kruppel-associated box-containing zinc-finger gene involved in nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation 下载免费PDF全文
Lugtenberg D Yntema HG Banning MJ Oudakker AR Firth HV Willatt L Raynaud M Kleefstra T Fryns JP Ropers HH Chelly J Moraine C Gecz J van Reeuwijk J Nabuurs SB de Vries BB Hamel BC de Brouwer AP van Bokhoven H 《American journal of human genetics》2006,78(2):265-278
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization has proven to be successful in the identification of genetic defects in disorders involving mental retardation. Here, we studied a patient with learning disabilities, retinal dystrophy, and short stature. The family history was suggestive of an X-linked contiguous gene syndrome. Hybridization of full-coverage X-chromosomal bacterial artificial chromosome arrays revealed a deletion of ~1 Mb in Xp11.3, which harbors RP2, SLC9A7, CHST7, and two hypothetical zinc-finger genes, ZNF673 and ZNF674. These genes were analyzed in 28 families with nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) that show linkage to Xp11.3; the analysis revealed a nonsense mutation, p.E118X, in the coding sequence of ZNF674 in one family. This mutation is predicted to result in a truncated protein containing the Kruppel-associated box domains but lacking the zinc-finger domains, which are crucial for DNA binding. We characterized the complete ZNF674 gene structure and subsequently tested an additional 306 patients with XLMR for mutations by direct sequencing. Two amino acid substitutions, p.T343M and p.P412L, were identified that were not found in unaffected individuals. The proline at position 412 is conserved between species and is predicted by molecular modeling to reduce the DNA-binding properties of ZNF674. The p.T343M transition is probably a polymorphism, because the homologous ZNF674 gene in chimpanzee has a methionine at that position. ZNF674 belongs to a cluster of seven highly related zinc-finger genes in Xp11, two of which (ZNF41 and ZNF81) were implicated previously in XLMR. Identification of ZNF674 as the third XLMR gene in this cluster may indicate a common role for these zinc-finger genes that is crucial to human cognitive functioning. 相似文献
20.
Klára Grantz ?a?ková Milan Ko?í?ek Kirsten Stray Dorien de Jong Pavlína ?ezá?ová Ji?í Brynda Noortje M. van Maarseveen Monique Nijhuis Tomá? Cihlá? Jan Konvalinka 《Journal of virology》2014,88(6):3586-3590
Insertions in the protease (PR) region of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represent an interesting mechanism of antiviral resistance against HIV PR inhibitors (PIs). Here, we demonstrate the improved ability of a phosphonate-containing experimental HIV PI, GS-8374, relative to that of other PIs, to effectively inhibit patient-derived recombinant HIV strains bearing PR insertions and numerous other mutations. We correlate enzyme inhibition with the catalytic activities of corresponding recombinant PRs in vitro and provide a biochemical and structural analysis of the PR-inhibitor complex. 相似文献