Genome‐wide analysis of Nilaparvata lugens nymphal responses to high‐density and low‐quality rice hosts

The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens is an economically important pest on rice plants. In this study, the higher population density and yellow‐ripe stage of rice plants were used to construct adverse survival conditions (ASC) against BPH nymphs. Simultaneously, the low population density and tillering stage of rice plants were used to establish a suitable survival condition (SSC) as a control. Solexa/Illumina sequencing was used to identify genes of BPH nymphs responding to ASC. Significantly longer duration development of BPH nymphs and significantly lower brachypterous ratio of BPH adults were observed by ASC compared with SSC. A total of 2 544 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained and analyzed by BLASTx, Gene Ontology and KEGG Orthology. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly involved in categories of cell, cell part, cellular process, binding, catalytic, organelle and metabolic processes. 1 138 DEGs having enzyme commission numbers were assigned to different metabolic pathways. The largest clusters were neurodegenerative diseases (137, 12.0%), followed by carbohydrate metabolism (113, 9.9%), amino acid metabolism (94, 8.3%), nucleotide metabolism (76, 6.7%), energy metabolism (64, 5.6%), translation (60, 5.3%), lipid metabolism (58, 5.1%), and folding, sorting and degradation (52, 4.6%). Expressing profile of 11 DEGs during eight nymphal developmental stages of BPH were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The 11 genes exhibited differential expression between ASC and SSC during at least one developmental stage. The DEGs identified in this study provide molecular proof of how BPH reconfigures its gene expression profile to adapt to overcrowding and low‐quality hosts.     

Formaldehyde induces toxic effects and regulates the expression of damage response genes in BM-MSCs

In this study, we assessed the toxic effects of formaldehyde （FA） on mouse bone marrow mesenchymai stem cells （BM- MSCs）. Cytotoxicity was measured by using MTT assay. DNA strand breakage was detected by standard alkaline comet assay and comet assay modified with proteinase K （PK）. DNA-protein crosslinks （DPCs） were detected by KCI-SDS precipitation assay. We found that FA at a con- centration from 75 to 200 μM inhibited cell survival and induced DPCs over 125 μM. The PK-modified comet assay showed that FA-induced DNA strand breakage was increased in a dose-dependent manner from 75 to 200 μM. On the other hand, standard alkaline comet assay showed that DNA strand breakage was decreased with FA concen- tration over 125 μM. We confirmed by using Pearson cor- relation that there was a negative linear correlation between DPCs and survival rate （r = -0.987, P 〈 0.01） and positive linear relationships between DPCs and （i） sister chromatid exchange and （ii） micronucleus （r = 0.995, P〈 0.01; r = 0.968, P〈 0.01）. DNA damage RTz profiler polymerase chain reaction array was used to investigate the changes in the expression of damage response genes. Xpa and Xpc of the nucleotide excision repair pathway and Brca2, Rad51, and Xrcc2 of the homologous recombination pathway were all up-regulated in both 75 and 125 μM FA. However, the same genes were down-regulated with 175 μM FA. The expressions of Chekl and Husl, which are involved in cell cycle regulation, were altered in the same manner with 75, 125, and 175 μM FA. These results indicated that Xpa, Xpc, Brca2, Rad51, Xrcc2, Chekl, and Husl were essential for the BM-MSCs to counteract the effects of FA.     

体外培养小鼠下颌下腺细胞生长特性的实验研究

目的：研究小鼠下颌下腺细胞的培养方法,探讨下颌下腺细胞培养条件及细胞生长特性,为研究干细胞转分化涎腺腺泡细胞以及涎腺再生研究奠定理论基础和技术支持。方法：取2周龄的小鼠,组织块法和消化法分别进行培养,用活细胞观察法和HE染色法记录细胞形态学特征;免疫荧光染色法鉴定;通过生长曲线和细胞倍增时间来比较两种方法对细胞增殖能力的影响。结果：组织块法和消化法均可以成功的培养下颌下腺细胞,（1）组织块法培养的细胞呈卵圆形或多边形,10天左右成铺路石样;消化法培养细胞亦为上皮样细胞,呈多边形,胞质丰富;（2）HE染色下颌下腺细胞呈多边形,胞核明显;（3）Cytokeratin13和AQP5表达阳性,Wimentin表达阴性;（4）组织块法培养细胞增殖相对较平缓,消化法培养细胞增长较迅速;（5）消化法培养倍增时间（1．3471±0．6071）天比组织块法倍增时间（2．1887±1．1503）明显缩短（P〈0．05）;结论：体外可以成功的培养下颌下腺细胞,但是同时证明下颌下腺细胞长期传代较困难,这为研究干细胞转分化涎腺细胞和涎腺再生体内实验提供了理论和实验基础。     

芪苈强心胶囊辅助治疗老年慢性心力衰竭的临床研究

目的：探讨芪苈强心胶囊辅助治疗老年慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效及其安全性。方法：选择我科2012年1月．6月收治的102例老年慢性心力衰竭患者为研究对象,并将其随机分为两组,对照组42例,给予西医常规治疗及地高辛0．125mg／d;观察组60例,在对照组基础上将地高辛用量改为O．0625mg／d,并予芪苈强心胶囊,每次4粒,每日3次12服,2个月为1个疗程,治疗3个疗程后观察和比较两组心功能的变化。结果：观察组和对照组的治疗总有效率分别为95．0．％和78．6％,观察组显著高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组的平均住院时间明显短于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗后,两组心输出量（cO）、每搏输出量（SV）、左室射血分数（LVEF）舒张晚期与舒张早期充盈速度比（～E）均较治疗前明显升高（P〈0．05）,而脑钠肽（BNP）水平较治疗前显著降低（P〈O．05）,且观察组CO、SV水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,BNP水平明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗过程中,对照组发生洋地黄中毒3例,观察组无不良事件发生。结论：芪苈强心胶囊辅助治疗老年慢性心力衰竭可有效改善其心功能,并减少地高辛用量和洋地黄中毒的发生,值得临床推广应用。     

泌尿生殖道非淋菌性感染的病原学以及耐药性分析

目的：探究泌尿生殖道非淋茵性感染的病原学以及耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法：对我院2006年3月．2011年12月确诊的2136例非淋菌性泌尿生殖道感染患者进行标本采集,对病原体及其耐药性进行检测分析。结果：淋茵感染泌尿生殖道病原茵主要为CT及支原体,男性患者CT感染率高于女性患者,女性患者支原体感染率高于男性患者,此外,念珠茵、滴虫及其他难以检出细菌亦属于致病病原茵的一种;在12种抗生素中,多西环素、米诺环素及交沙霉素敏感率较高,均〉80％,罗红霉素、红霉素及环丙沙星敏感度较低,均〈20％。结论：非淋茵感染泌尿生殖道病原菌主要为CT及支原体,男性患者CT感染率高于女性患者,女性患者支原体感染率高于男性患者,病原茵对多西环素、米诺环素及交沙霉素耐药性较低,但不同地域病原茵耐药性亦存在差异,应按照实际情况进行耐药性检测,指导临床合理用药。     

全凭静脉麻醉期间右美托咪定对靶控输注丙泊酚用量及血流动力学的影响

目的：探讨右关托咪定（dexmedetomidine,DEX）对行全凭静脉麻醉患者靶控输注（target controlled infusion,TCI）丙泊酚用量及拔管期间血流动力学的影响。方法：选择拟于全麻下行经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术的患者30例（ASA I～II级）,随机分为两组,每组15例。试验组（D组）给予DEX负荷剂量0．5μg·kg-1,注药时间15rain,继以0．3μg·kg-1·h-1持续输注至修补硬膜时;对照纽（N组）在相同时间给予等容量生理盐水。两组麻醉诱导方法相同,术中以脑电双频指数（bispectral index,BIS）为麻醉深度监测指标,根据BIS值调节丙泊酚血浆靶浓度维持麻醉。记录拔管期间收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和心率（HR）,并计算心肌氧耗指数（RPP）;记录丙泊酚平均用量、用药前后BIS值、呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间及术中不良反应。结果：①D组给予负荷剂量后,BIS值由（95±3）降至（77±11）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。②与N组相比,D组丙泊酚用量减少28％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。⑧拔管期间SBP、DBP和HR与入室时比较,D组无明显变化,N组HR显著升高（P〈0．05）;D组拔管期间SBP、DBP、HR和RPP明显低于N组（P〈0．05）;④两组患者呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间及拔管时间差异均无统计学意义;⑤两组不良反应（心动过缓、高血压、低血压）的发生率无显著性差异。结论：术中持续静脉输注DEX可减少TCI丙泊酚用量,能使BIS值进一步降低,产生良好镇静效应;同时可有效减轻拔管期间循环变化,降低RPP,减少心肌耗氧量,提高拔管质量。     

蒲公英抗肿瘤活性部位的GC-MS分析研究

目的：考察蒲公英提取物对MCF-7增殖作用的影响,研究蒲公英抗肿瘤活性部位的化学成分。方法：采用MTT法比较蒲公英水提物、醇提物和不同极性提取物对MCF-7增殖的影响;以气相色谱．质谱（GC-MS）联用技术对具有抑制MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞增殖的部位进行分离和鉴定。结果：蒲公英水提物和醇提物对MCF-7细胞均有抑制作用,体外最大抑制率分别达到92．95％、93．59％,蒲公英不同极性溶剂提取物中,氯仿部位抑制MCF-7的增殖,且抑制作用高于醇提和水提物,乙酸乙酯和石油醚部位促进MCF-7的增殖。从蒲公英氯仿提取物中鉴定出80种化合物,占其总量的98．07％。结论：蒲公英氯仿部位具有抗肿瘤活性,为蒲公英抗肿瘤活性成分的研究提供了依据,拓展了筛选中药活性成分的方法。     

嗜热菌Anoxybacillus sp．DL3产蛋白酶条件及其酶学性质研究

目的：对Anoxybacillussp．DL3的产蛋白酶条件及其酶学性质进行研究,为下一步进行蛋白酶基因的克隆、表达提供依据。方法：应用常规方法液体培养细菌,研究温度、pH、培养基中碳源、氮源对菌株产蛋白酶的影响,硫酸铵盐析的方法提取酶液,并采用Folin法测酶活性。用紫外分光光度计在OD680hi／1测吸光值。并对提取的蛋白酶液进行酶的最适温度、pH以及酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性研究,向酶液中添加金属离子和EDTA、PMSF,研究其对酶活性的影响。结果：在培养基初始pH是6．5,培养温度为40℃时菌株产酶酶活性最大;培养基中以乳糖为碳源,酵母膏和硫酸铵为氮源,碳源与氮源的比例为1：2时,酶活最大。酶学性质研究结果显示：该酶的最适反应温度是55℃,最适反应pH是7．0;在50℃保温20min-80min内,酶活力下降幅度较小。60℃保温60min后,仍保持约60％的酶活。70℃保温60min后,残余酶活为30％。该酶在pH为6．0～8．0范围内,相对酶活差别不是很大,下降趋势大致相同。在强碱条件下,相对酶活下降很明显。Fe2＋、Cu2＋和Hg2＋对酶活性有明显的抑制作用;Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、Mn2＋等金属离子对酶活性有明显的促进作用;乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）和苯甲基磺酰氟（PMSF）对酶活性也有一定抑制作用。结论：Anoxybacillussp．DL3所产的蛋白酶为嗜热中性蛋白酶,此酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH耐受性,该菌株具有进一步开发、利用的价值。     

The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant Resistance to Pathogens

Plant pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to obtain nutritive materials from their host,and plants in turn have evolved the preformed physical and chemical barriers as well as sophisticated two-tiered immune system to combat pathogen attacks.Genetically, plant resistance to pathogens can be divided into qualitative and quantitative disease resistance,conditioned by major gene(s) and multiple genes with minor effects,respectively.Qualitative disease resistance has been mostly detected in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens,whereas quantitative disease resistance is involved in defense response to all plant pathogens,from biotrophs,hemibiotrophs to necrotrophs.Plant resistance is achieved through interception of pathogen-derived effectors and elicitation of defense response.In recent years,great progress has been made related to the molecular basis underlying host-pathogen interactions.In this review,we would like to provide an update on genetic and molecular aspects of plant resistance to pathogens.