土壤病毒之奥秘:研究进展、挑战及未来展望

土壤病毒是土壤生物多样性的重要组成部分,数量繁多,在调控微生物多样性、群落组成和养分循环等方面具有重要的生态功能。然而,由于土壤自身的复杂性及其动态变化特征,病毒在土壤生态系统中发挥的功能及其作用机理,一直是该研究领域的薄弱环节,也是当前土壤生物学、微生态学和环境科学等领域的研究热点和前沿。近年来,分子生物学技术的突破及生态学理论的广泛应用极大地推动了土壤病毒研究领域的发展。为客观全面地分析土壤病毒研究领域的动态和热点,本研究借助文献计量分析方法,对土壤病毒研究现状及热点进行了综述,展示了土壤病毒研究的发展态势,并结合土壤环境特征,对土壤病毒研究领域未来发展方向进行了展望,主要包括土壤病毒多样性、生物学特征、环境影响因素、作用机制及其在农业上的应用。随着多学科交叉融合及研究技术手段的进步,土壤病毒研究迎来了一个高速发展阶段,而土壤病毒研究在养分循环、生态系统服务及生物调控等方面所取得的重要成果,可以更好地服务于土壤健康以及碳中和计划。     

IKZF1 selectively enhances homologous recombination repair by interacting with CtIP and USP7 in multiple myeloma

Rationale: In multiple myeloma (MM), the activities of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HR) are increased compared with healthy controls. Whether and how IKZF1 as an enhancer of MM participates in the DNA repair pathway of tumor cells remains elusive.Methods: We used an endonuclease AsiSI-based system and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (qChIP) analysis to test whether IKZF1 is involved in DNA repair. Immunopurification and mass spectrometric (MS) analysis were performed in MM1.S cells to elucidate the molecular mechanism that IKZF1 promotes DNA damage repair. The combination effect of lenalidomide or USP7 inhibitor with PARP inhibitor on cell proliferation was evaluated using MM cells in vitro and in vivo.Results: We demonstrate that IKZF1 specifically promotes homologous recombination DNA damage repair in MM cells, which is regulated by its interaction with CtIP and USP7. In this process, USP7 could regulate the stability of IKZF1 through its deubiquitinating activity. The N-terminal zinc finger domains of IKZF1 and the ubiquitin-like domain of USP7 are necessary for their interaction. Furthermore, targeted inhibition IKZF1 or USP7 could sensitize MM cells to PARP inhibitor treatment in vitro and in vivo.Conclusions: Our findings identify USP7 as a deubiquitinating enzyme for IKZF1 and uncover a new function of IKZF1 in DNA damage repair. In translational perspective, the combination inhibition of IKZF1 or USP7 with PARP inhibitor deserves further evaluation in clinical trials for the treatment of MM.     

基于QuickBird的城市建筑景观格局梯度分析

研究城市建筑景观的梯度变化特征,对城市规划与管理的合理调整有着重要的意义.应用QuickBird影像,基于Barista软件提取了建筑物三维信息,采用建筑平均高度、建筑密度、容积率、建筑高度标准差、建筑体形系数等指标,结合梯度分析法研究了铁西区建筑景观格局的梯度变化.结果表明:从1997到2008年,低层与多层建筑是主要的建筑景观组分,平房与低层建筑占地面积比重显著下降,多层、中高层与高层建筑比重上升.建筑平均高度、容积率与建筑高度标准差逐年上升,建筑密度、建筑体形系数与景观形状指数下降.建筑向垂直方向扩展,建筑能耗降低,形状更加规则.建筑景观的梯度变化与距市中心距离的远近没有关系,与区域功能相关,商业区建筑平均高度与容积率最高,政府所在地范围内建筑密度最大.     

Genome-Wide Association Study of Partial Resistance to P. sojae in Wild Soybeans from Heilongjiang Province,China

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is a destructive disease of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr) caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae). The most effective way to prevent the disease is growing resistant or tolerant varieties. Partial resistance provides a more durable resistance against the pathogen compared to complete resistance. Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) seems to be an extraordinarily important gene pool for soybean improvement due to its high level of genetic variation. In this study, 242 wild soybean germplasms originating from different regions of Heilongjiang province were used to identify resistance genes to P. sojae race 1 using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of nine significant SNPs were detected, repeatedly associated with P. sojae resistance and located on chromosomes 1, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19 and 20. Among them, seven favorable allelic variations associated with P. sojae resistance were evaluated by a t-test. Eight candidate genes were predicted to explore the mechanistic hypotheses of partial resistance, including Glysoja.19G051583, which encodes an LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase protein, Glysoja.19G051581, which encodes a receptor-like cytosolic serine/threonine protein kinase protein. These findings will provide additional insights into the genetic architecture of P. sojae resistance in a large sample of wild soybeans and P. sojae-resistant breeding through marker-assisted selection.     

北京西山（卧佛寺附近）人工油松林群落学特性及生物量的研究

28年生人工油松林标准地设置在西山海拔300一350米的南坡与北坡山地。试用了多种数学模型预测人工林乔木层的生物量,应用w(树干)=2.372(D2H)0.664, w(枝条)=1.317(D2H)0.992,w(叶子)=1.417(D2H)0.833和w(根系)=1.593(D2H)0.757幂函数方程,分别获得树干、枝条、叶子和根系的生物量。南、北坡油松林乔木层生物量分别为29.13吨／公顷和42.46吨／公顷。用直接收获法测得不同坡向油松林的灌木层和草本层生物量的季节动态,以8月份生物量计,南、北坡灌木层生物量为8.05吨／公顷和5.78吨／公顷,草本层为0.74吨／公顷和0.77吨／公顷。南,北坡油松林的总生物量为38.08吨／公顷和48.68吨／公顷。     

Molecular characterization of class 3 integrons from Delftia spp

Two environmental strains, Delftia acidovorans C17 and Delftia tsuruhatensis A90, were found to carry class 3 integrons, which have seldom been reported and then only from pathogens in which they are associated with antibiotic resistance genes. The Delftia integrons comprised a highly conserved class 3 integrase gene, upstream and oppositely oriented from a set of three or four gene cassettes that encoded unidentified functions. The A90 integron had one more gene cassette than the C17 integron, but the two were otherwise the same; furthermore, they were located within regions of sequence identity in both strains and linked to chromosomal genes. A screen of other Delftia and related strains did not reveal the presence of additional class 3 integrons. The observations suggest that these integrons were horizontally transferred to Delftia as part of a larger region and reside as chromosomal elements that probably predate transposon dissemination, as has been proposed for certain class 1 integrons.     

Inhibition of Candida albicans growth by brominated furanones

Candida albicans is the most virulent Candida species of medical importance, which presents a great threat to immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Currently, there are only four classes of antifungal agents available for treating fungal infections: azoles, polyenes, pyrimidines, and echinocandins. The fast spread of multidrug resistant C. albicans strains has increased the demand for new antifungal drugs. In this study, we demonstrate the antifungal activity of brominated furanones on C. albicans. Studying the structure and activity of this class of furanones reveals that the exocyclic vinyl bromide conjugated with the carbonyl group is the most important structural element for fungal inhibition. Furthermore, gene expression analysis using DNA microarrays showed that 3 μg/mL of 4-bromo-5Z-(bromomethylene)-3-butylfuran-2-one (BF1) upregulated 32 C. albicans genes with functions of stress response, NADPH dehydrogenation, and small-molecule transport, and repressed 21 genes involved mainly in cell-wall maintenance. Interestingly, only a small overlap is observed between the gene expression changes caused by the representative brominated furanone (BF1) in this study and other antifungal drugs reported in literature. This result suggests that brominated furanones and other antifungal drugs may target different fungal proteins or genes. The existence of such new targets provides an opportunity for developing new agents to control fungal pathogens which are resistant to currently available drugs.     

不同油葵品种对盐碱地根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了新葵4号、新葵6号、新葵10号和美国矮大头4个油葵品种对盐碱地土壤理化、酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以期筛选出更适宜改善盐碱地土壤质量的油葵品种。结果表明,种植新葵6号对降低盐碱地根际土壤pH值、提高土壤全氮含量和蔗糖酶活性的效果最为显著,新葵4号对提高根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量以及脲酶和磷酸酶活性的效果最为显著;种植这4个品种的油葵均能显著(72 h,P0.05)提高盐碱地根际土壤微生物对31种碳源的平均利用率(Average well color development,AWCD),并呈现如下规律:新葵4号新葵6号美国矮大头新葵10号CK。种植这4个油葵品种均不同程度地提高了盐碱地根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数(H)、Shannon优势度指数(D)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S),并呈现出相似的规律:新葵4号根际土的微生物多样性指数最大,而CK的最小,且显著高于CK。主成分分析表明,种植油葵改善了盐碱地根际土壤微生物的群落组成;碳水化合物、氨基酸、羧酸类化合物和聚合物是盐碱地土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,在盐碱地中种植油葵可提高相关土壤理化性质和酶的活性,改善微生物功能多样性,优化盐碱地微生物的群落结构,尤其是种植新葵4号对盐碱地的改良效果最为显著。