全文获取类型
收费全文 | 15881篇 |
免费 | 1409篇 |
国内免费 | 1340篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 45篇 |
2023年 | 233篇 |
2022年 | 481篇 |
2021年 | 766篇 |
2020年 | 637篇 |
2019年 | 721篇 |
2018年 | 709篇 |
2017年 | 517篇 |
2016年 | 693篇 |
2015年 | 1035篇 |
2014年 | 1252篇 |
2013年 | 1274篇 |
2012年 | 1469篇 |
2011年 | 1317篇 |
2010年 | 893篇 |
2009年 | 738篇 |
2008年 | 785篇 |
2007年 | 715篇 |
2006年 | 697篇 |
2005年 | 561篇 |
2004年 | 485篇 |
2003年 | 515篇 |
2002年 | 398篇 |
2001年 | 244篇 |
2000年 | 212篇 |
1999年 | 205篇 |
1998年 | 139篇 |
1997年 | 112篇 |
1996年 | 115篇 |
1995年 | 109篇 |
1994年 | 93篇 |
1993年 | 58篇 |
1992年 | 78篇 |
1991年 | 64篇 |
1990年 | 60篇 |
1989年 | 44篇 |
1988年 | 29篇 |
1987年 | 24篇 |
1986年 | 34篇 |
1985年 | 25篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 2篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
71.
为了解抗菌肽在饵料微藻中表达后的抗菌特性,构建海洋微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)、湖泊微拟球藻(N.limnetica)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的抗菌肽(源自虹鳟,Cath-1a)表达质粒,分别转化相应的微藻,检测转化子中抗菌肽的表达量和体外抑菌效果,将藻株作为鱼饲料添加剂喂食斑马鱼,初步分析了抗菌肽及藻体自身的岩藻黄素和多不饱和脂肪酸对鱼免疫系统的影响。结果表明,外源抗菌肽在3种微藻中均可以成功表达,体外抑菌试验表明,仅三角褐指藻对水产领域常见致病菌爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)有一定的抑菌效果,然而抗菌肽的表达并未使3种藻株的体外抑菌性增加。添加藻粉对斑马鱼的生长无明显影响,通过检测鱼体肝脏中与抗氧化和免疫相关基因的表达水平及丙二醛的含量,表明添加藻粉可增强斑马鱼的抗氧化和抗炎症能力,表达抗菌肽(PtC组)能进一步提高斑马鱼的免疫力。另外,添加Pt6(富含岩藻黄素)藻粉组比添加PtC的抗炎效果更显著,表明三角褐指藻中的岩藻黄素和二十碳五烯酸对增强鱼的抗病能力具有潜在作用。 相似文献
72.
本文主要观察硫酸铝钾——饮用水净化剂引致小鼠肝酶组化,超微结构和组织结构的变化。动物30只,分为正常组、硫酸铝钾大、小剂量组。实验结果:硫酸铝钾10mg/kg/日(大剂量组)与5mg/kg/日(小剂量组)动物用药10天、80天均可使肝SDH酶活性降低;肝细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂和溶解。在光学显微镜下用药80天后大部分肝细胞肿胀,胞浆疏松淡染、肝小叶内可见呈小灶状分布的炎性细胞浸润,主要为淋巴细胞及浆细胞,门管区偶见少许炎性细胞,但肝小叶和门管区未见结缔组织增生。为此,硫酸铝钾作为净水剂,不宜用量过大。 相似文献
73.
Based on small-scale synthesis (0.3 g), a 100-g scale-up synthesis of crude [Aib8, Arg34]-glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7–37) was completed. The crude [Aib8, Arg34]-GLP-1 (7–37) was purified using a dynamic axial compression column 200 (DAC-200). Approximately 61 g of [Aib8, Arg34]-GLP-1 (7–37) with a purity of >99% was obtained through one-step reverse-phase chromatography. The purification yield was approximately 92%. The yield from the total reaction was approximately 60%. In summary, we developed an economical and environmentally friendly route to the synthesis and purification of crude [Aib8, Arg34]-GLP-1 (7–37), laying a foundation for subsequent industrial production. 相似文献
74.
Wen Gao Ying Xu Jianxiang Liu Xiaolei Wang Xinhong Dong Guigen Teng Binbin Liu Jinpei Dong Chaoyi Ge Hui Ye Xuezhi Zhang Hong Cheng 《Helicobacter》2023,28(2):e12947
Background
The treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a challenge for those who cannot use amoxicillin.Objective
To evaluate the eradication rate and adverse effects of vonoprazan and tetracycline dual therapy as first-line and rescue treatment regimens used in special populations with penicillin allergy or failed in previous amoxicillin-containing therapies.Design
Patients enrolled were those who were H. pylori-positive with selected conditions: (1) allergic to penicillin, either naïve to treatment or had failed before; or (2) failed in previous amoxicillin-containing therapies. All enrolled patients accepted 14-day vonoprazan and tetracycline dual therapy (VT dual therapy) as follows: vonoprazan (20 mg b.i.d.) and tetracycline (500 mg t.i.d. [body weight < 70 kg] or 500 mg q.i.d. [body weight ≥ 70 kg]). H. pylori status was evaluated by 13C-urease breath test 6 weeks after treatment. All adverse effects were recorded. Some patients underwent bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing.Results
A total of 62 patients were enrolled; 18 of them received VT dual therapy as first-line treatment, 44 patients received VT dual therapy as rescue treatment. Overall, 58 of 62 patients achieved successful eradication (93.5%), while all involved (100%,18/18) succeeded in the first-line treatment group and 40 cases (90.9%, 40/44) succeeded in the rescue treatment group. Sixty-one (61/62, 98.4%) patients completed the whole course of treatment. Adverse events occurred in 6 patients (6/62, 9.7%), while one patient quit because of skin rash. All adverse effects were mild and relieved spontaneously after H. pylori treatment. Five patients achieved successful H. pylori culture, and all strains isolated were sensitive to tetracycline.Conclusions
For the treatment of H. pylori infection in special populations with penicillin allergy or failed in previous amoxicillin-containing therapies, a 14-day vonoprazan and tetracycline dual therapy was effective and safe as first-line and rescue treatment in our study. Further study is warranted to verify its efficacy, especially for those who cannot use amoxicillin. 相似文献75.
Wei Dai Yong gang Dai Dong feng Ren Da wei Zhu 《Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology》2023,37(5):e23313
This study investigated that dieckol (DKL), a natural drug, inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in HCT-116 cells. The cells were treated with DKL in various concentrations (32 and 50 μM) for 24 h and then analyzed for various experiments. MTT (tetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet assay investigated DKL-mediated cytotoxicity. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining was used to assess the reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and apoptotic changes were studied by dual acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. Protein expression of cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis protein was evaluated by western blot analysis. Results indicated that DKL produces significant cytotoxicity in HCT-116, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was found to be 32 μM for 24-h incubation. Moreover, effective production of ROS and enhanced apoptotic signs were observed upon DKL treatment in HCT-116. DKL induces the expression of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, and mToR-associated enhanced expression of cyclin-D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-4, CDK-6, and Bcl-2 in HCT-116. In addition, proapoptotic proteins such as Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were significantly enhanced by DKL treatment in HCT-116. Hence, DKL has been considered a chemotherapeutic drug by impeding the expression of PI3K-, AKT-, and mTOR-mediated inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle-regulating proteins. 相似文献
76.
Dong Faming Shoichi Shimodori Tetsuhiro Moriya Sadaaki Iwanaga Kazunobu Amako 《Microbiology and immunology》1993,37(11):861-868
A substance cryoprotective for Vibrio cholerae on the prawn shell surface was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. It was a protein of 81 kDa and called cryoprotective protein (CPP). The cryoprotective activity of this protein for V. cholerae was sensitive to heat at 100 C and trypsin treatment. In the presence of Mg ion the protein can bind to the bacterial cell surface. V. cholerae can adhere to the shell surface of the prawn. The number of adhered bacteria was reduced by treating the shell with anti-CPP serum, heat or by trypsin. The presence of Mg ion promoted the adherence. These results suggest that the CPP could serve as an adherence site for V. cholerae on the shell surface. 相似文献
77.
Qihe Tang Wanli Li Zhengwei Wang Zhixiang Dong Xijie Li Jiali Li Qi Huang Zhe Cao Wei Gong Yazhou Zhao Minzeng Wang Jun Guo 《Environmental microbiology》2023,25(10):2020-2031
Honeybee (Apis mellifera) ingestion of toxic nectar plants can threaten their health and survival. However, little is known about how to help honeybees mitigate the effects of toxic nectar plant poisoning. We exposed honeybees to different concentrations of Bidens pilosa flower extracts and found that B. pilosa exposure significantly reduced honeybee survival in a dose-dependent manner. By measuring changes in detoxification and antioxidant enzymes and the gut microbiome, we found that superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and carboxylesterase activities were significantly activated with increasing concentrations of B. pilosa and that different concentrations of B. pilosa exposure changed the structure of the honeybee gut microbiome, causing a significant reduction in the abundance of Bartonella (p < 0.001) and an increase in Lactobacillus. Importantly, by using Germ-Free bees, we found that colonization by the gut microbes Bartonella apis and Apilactobacillus kunkeei (original classification as Lactobacillus kunkeei) significantly increased the resistance of honeybees to B. pilosa and significantly upregulated bee-associated immune genes. These results suggest that honeybee detoxification systems possess a level of resistance to the toxic nectar plant B. pilosa and that the gut microbes B. apis and A. kunkeei may augment resistance to B. pilosa stress by improving host immunity. 相似文献
78.
Qian Xiang Dong Zhu Min Qiao Xiao-Ru Yang Gang Li Qing-Lin Chen Yong-Guan Zhu 《Environmental microbiology》2023,25(2):505-514
Soil bacteria are diverse and form complicated ecological networks through various microbial interactions, which play important roles in soil multi-functionality. However, the seasonal effects on the bacterial network, especially the relationship between bacterial network topological features and soil resistomes remains underexplored, which impedes our ability to unveil the mechanisms of the temporal-dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, a field investigation was conducted across four seasons at the watershed scale. We observed significant seasonal variation in bacterial networks, with lower complexity and stability in autumn, and a wider bacterial community niche in summer. Similar to bacterial communities, the co-occurrence networks among ARGs also shift with seasonal change, particularly with respect to the topological features of the node degree, which on average was higher in summer than in the other seasons. Furthermore, the nodes with higher betweenness, stress, degree, and closeness centrality in the bacterial network showed strong relationships with the 10 major classes of ARGs. These findings highlighted the changes in the topological properties of bacterial networks that could further alter antibiotic resistance in soil. Together, our results reveal the temporal dynamics of bacterial ecological networks at the watershed scale, and provide new insights into antibiotic resistance management under environmental changes. 相似文献
79.
Huan Chen Qiujun Lin Zhuo Li Jin Chu Hai Dong Qiong Mei Yuanhu Xuan 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2023,24(3):221-231
Sheath blight (ShB) severely threatens rice cultivation and production; however, the molecular mechanism of rice defence against ShB remains unclear. Screening of transposon Ds insertion mutants identified that Calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase 31 (CIPK31) mutants were more susceptible to ShB, while CIPK31 overexpressors (OX) were less susceptible. Sequence analysis indicated two haplotypes of CIPK31: Hap_1, with significantly higher CIPK31 expression, was less sensitive to ShB than the Hap_2 lines. Further analyses showed that the NAF domain of CIPK31 interacted with the EF-hand motif of respiratory burst oxidase homologue (RBOHA) to inhibit RBOHA-induced H2O2 production, and RBOHA RNAi plants were more susceptible to ShB. These data suggested that the CIPK31-mediated increase in resistance is not associated with RBOHA. Interestingly, the study also found that CIPK31 interacted with catalase C (CatC); cipk31 mutants accumulated less H2O2 while CIPK31 OX accumulated more H2O2 compared to the wild-type control. Further analysis showed the interaction of the catalase domain of CatC with the NAF domain of CIPK31 by which CIPK31 inhibits CatC activity to accumulate more H2O2. 相似文献
80.
Yang Tang Sijia Lu Chao Fang Huan Liu Lidong Dong Haiyang Li Tong Su Shichen Li Lingshuang Wang Qun Cheng Baohui Liu Xiaoya Lin Fanjiang Kong 《Plant biotechnology journal》2023,21(4):782-791
Flowering time is one of important agronomic traits determining the crop yield and affected by high temperature. When facing high ambient temperature, plants often initiate early flowering as an adaptive strategy to escape the stress and ensure successful reproduction. However, here we find opposing ways in the short-day crop soybean to respond to different levels of high temperatures, in which flowering accelerates when temperature changes from 25 to 30 °C, but delays when temperature reaches 35 °C under short day. phyA-E1, possibly photoperiodic pathway, is crucial for 35 °C-mediated late flowering, however, does not contribute to promoting flowering at 30 °C. 30 °C-induced up-regulation of FT2a and FT5a leads to early flowering, independent of E1. Therefore, distinct responsive mechanisms are adopted by soybean when facing different levels of high temperatures for successful flowering and reproduction. 相似文献