Uptake Hydrogenase Activity Determined by Plasmid pRL6JI in Rhizobium leguminosarum Does Not Increase Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

We examined three groups of wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, to determine the prevalence of aerobic antibiotic-resistant fecal bacteria in nonhuman primates with and without contact with human refuse. Using standard isolation and replica plating techniques, we found only low numbers of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria in two groups of baboons leading an undisturbed existence in their natural habitat and having limited or no contact with humans. However, resistance was significantly higher among enteric bacteria from the third group of baboons living in close proximity to a tourist lodge and having daily contact with unprocessed human refuse. Conjugation studies and analysis of the cell DNA by gel electrophoresis showed that in many cases resistance was plasmid-borne and transferable. These data suggest that wild nonhuman primates in frequent contact with human debris have a higher proportion of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria than do conspecifics without this contact. The findings further suggest that such groups of wild animals may constitute a heretofore overlooked source of antibiotic resistance in the natural environment.     

Ultrastructure of Sporulating Bacillus larvae in a Broth Medium

An electron microscopic study of sporulation of Bacillus larvae, a honeybee pathogen, in TMYGP broth (D. W. Dingman and D. P. Stahly, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:860-869, 1983) was conducted. No parasporal structures were evident in the sporangial cytoplasm. The stages of sporulation were similar to those observed in other sporeformers. A rather unusual inner coat layer consisting of seven lamellae was apparent.     

Calcium at the surface of cardiac plasma membrane vesicles: Cation binding,surface charge screening,and Na−Ca exchange

Summary Calcium binding and Na–Ca exchange activity were measured in isolated cardiac plasma membrane vesicles under various ionic conditions. A model was developed to describe the Ca binding characteristics of cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles using the Gouy-Chapman theory of the diffuse double layer with specific cation binding to phospholipid carboxyl and phosphate groups. The surface association constants used for Ca, Na, K and H binding to both of these groups were 7, 0.63, 0.3 and 3800m ^–1, respectively. This model allows the estimation of surface [Ca] under any specific ionic conditions. The effects of the divalent screening cation, dimethonium, on Ca binding and Na–Ca exchange were compared. Dimethonium had no significant effect on Ca binding at high ionic strength (150mm KCl), but strongly depressed Ca binding at low ionic strength. Dimethonium had no significant effect on Na–Ca exchange (Na-inside dependent Ca influx) at either high or low ionic strength. These results suggest that the Ca sites of the Na–Ca exchanger are in a physical environment where they are either not exposed to or not sensitive to surface [Ca].     

Phylogeny of the 5S ribosomal RNA fromSynechococcus lividus II: The cyanobacterial/chloroplast 5S RNAs form a common structural class

Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the 5S ribosomal RNA from the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus lividus II has been determined. The sequence is 5-UGCCUAGUGUUUAUGGCGCG-GUGGAACCACGCUGAUCCAUCCCGAACUC-AGAGGUGAAACAUCGCAGCGGUGAAGAU-AGUUGGAGGGUAGCCUCCUGCAAAAAUA-GCUCAAUGCUAGGCA_OH-3. This 5S RNA has the cyanobacterial- and chloroplast-specific nucleotide insertion between positions 30 and 31 (using the numbering system of the generalized eubacterial 5S RNA) and the chloroplast-specific nucleotide-deletion signature between positions 34 and 39. The 5S RNA ofS. lividus II has 27 base differences compared with the 5S RNA of the related strainS. lividus III. This large difference may reflect an ancient divergence between these two organisms. The electrophoretic mobilities on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels of renatured 5S RNAs fromS. lividus II,S. lividus III, and spinach chloroplasts are identical, but differ considerably from that ofEscherichia coli 5S RNA. This most likely reflects differences in higher-order structure between the 5S RNA ofE. coli and these cyanobacterial and chloroplast 5S RNAs.     

Induction of functional Fc receptors in P388 leukemia cells : Requirement for multiple differentiation signals

The development of functional Fc receptors (FcR) during induced differentiation with the tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), was studied in the murine tumor cell line, P388. PMA induced the appearance of FcR on the membranes of P388 cells as indicated by the binding of IgG-coated sheep red blood cells (IgG-SRBC). Concentrations of PMA as low as 1 ng/ml were sufficient to induce the expression of FcR as well as to inhibit cellular division and to induce adherence in the P388 tumor cell line; however, optimal FcR induction occurred at PMA concentrations of 10-100 ng/ml. Immunofluorescent analysis with heat-aggregated myeloma proteins indicated that PMA induced FcR which were capable of binding IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins, but not IgG1. Adherence to a substratum was determined to be a second required signal for expression of FcR, since PMA induction of P388 tumor cells in teflon dishes failed to fully develop FcR and adherence of P388 cells to poly-L-lysine-coated culture dishes in the absence of PMA was insufficient for FcR expression. FcR which appeared after PMA induction were non-functional in the sense that membrane-bound IgG-SRBC were not ingested to any significant extent by the tumor cells. However, if FcR induction occurred in the presence conA-induced rat spleen cell culture supernatants, phagocytosis of membrane-bound erythrocytes occurred. These findings suggest that for the expression of FcR which are capable of particle internalization, at least three identifiable membrane-transmitted signals are required during differentiation.     

Effects of Neuronal Activity on Inositol Phospholipid Metabolism in the Rat Autonomic Nervous System

The effect of nerve stimulation on inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in autonomic tissue was assessed by direct measurement of [3H]inositol phosphate production in ganglia that had been preincubated with [3H]inositol. Within minutes, stimulation of the preganglionic nerve increased the [3H]inositol phosphate content of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion indicating increased hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids. This effect was blocked in a low Ca2+, high Mg2+ medium. It was also greatly reduced when nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists were present together in normal medium. However, neither the nicotinic antagonist nor the muscarinic antagonist alone appeared to be as effective as both in combination. In other experiments, stimulation of the vagus nerve caused dramatic increases in [3H]inositol phosphate in the nodose ganglion but did not increase [3H]inositol phosphate in the nerve itself. This effect was insensitive to the cholinergic antagonists. Thus, neuronal activity increased inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in a sympathetic ganglion rich in synapses, as well as in a sensory ganglion that contains few synapses. In the sympathetic ganglion, synaptic stimulation activated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and this was primarily due to cholinergic transmission; both nicotinic and muscarinic pathways appeared to be involved.     

Interaction of competing fungi with fly larvae

Saprophytic fungi have degradative abilities and interspecific interactions which suggest that resource use and yield should increase as species number increases, but previous studies show the opposite. As a test of the possibility that invertebrate activity changes fungal resource use patterns, we grew coprophilous fungi on rabbit feces at the same initial density singly or in mixtures of 2, 4, or 6 species, with or without activity of larvalLycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae). Fungi in mixtures without larvae caused less weight loss in one mixture, and greater weight loss in 2 mixtures than when growing alone; fungi in 4 of 6 mixtures produced fewer spores than when growing alone. Overall, without larvae, weight loss did not increase as number of fungal species increased. Larvae did not change the pattern of weight loss or proportions of spores caused by mixing fungal species. Numbers of larvae surviving to pupate rose as fungal species numbers increased; as a result, weight loss increased with fungal species number in cultures with larvae.     

An observation of episodic feeding and growth of larval Leiostomus xanthurus in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Four cruises were conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico overtwo spawning seasons of the sciaenid fish Leiostomus xanthurus.On only one occasion did unusually high densities of larvaeand their principal microzooplanktonic foods co-occur. Peakdensities of larvae and microzooplankton were observed in athin lens of cool surface water that characterized a hydrographicdiscontinuity, and all larvae contained high numbers of foodorganisms in their guts. Instantaneous exponential growth ratesestimated from measurements of otolith growth increments, indicatedaccelerated growth on the day that larvae were collected. Alaboratory experiment verified that larval L. xanthurus respondsto an increased ration with accelerated growth that is detectableon otoliths. Together these data suggest that the spatial distributionof L. xanthurus larvae and their microzooplanktonic food ispatchy and that interactions of larvae and microzooplanktonmay be episodic.     

Two penicillin binding proteins of Haemophilus influenzae are lost after cells enter stationary phase

Abstract The penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) of 4 representative isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were studied using crude membrane preparations and whole cells grown to the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. Relative binding, % of total bound, and binding affinities were compared. The PBP patterns were similar for crude membranes and whole cells for all 4 strains tested at each phase of growth. However, PBP 2 was slightly reduced and PBP 4 was markedly reduced with whole-cell labelling in comparison to crude membranes. 8 PBPs were detected in cells labelled during the logarithmic phase of growth, while 6 were detected in stationary phase cells. The pBPs 'lost' in stationary phase (PBPs 4 and 6) with apparent M _r of 62 000 and 45 000, respectively, have a high affinity for ampicillin ( I ₅₀≃ 0.04 μ g/ml). This suggests that these proteins may have an important role in cell growth, and are targets for β-lactam substrates.