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Uncovering species boundaries in the Neotropical ant complex Ectatomma ruidum (Ectatomminae) under the presence of nuclear mitochondrial paralogues 下载免费PDF全文
Reina Gabriela Aguilar‐Velasco Chantal Poteaux Rubi Meza‐Lázaro Jean‐Paul Lachaud Dmitry Dubovikoff Alejandro Zaldívar‐Riverón 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2016,178(2):226-240
Nuclear mitochondrial (mt) paralogues (numts) are non‐functional fragments of mtDNA integrated into the nuclear genome that can overestimate the number of species in analyses based on mtDNA sequences. As numts have relatively slow mutation rates, they can pass undetected by conventional procedures such as inspecting for internal stop codons, indels or apparent polymorphism in chromatograms. Species boundaries based on mtDNA markers therefore require a thorough assessment of numts, especially in insects, where this phenomenon appears to be relatively frequent. Ectatomma ruidum is a widely distributed Neotropical ant species that is distributed from northern Mexico to northern Brazil. Previous behavioural and molecular evidence suggests that this species actually represents a composite taxon. Here we assessed the species boundaries in E. ruidum based on two mt (COI, cyt b) and one nuclear (H3) marker, as well as on external morphology. Ancient and recent mt paralogues were detected in several specimens, although pre‐PCR dilution of DNA template helped to recover most of the mt orthologues. Based on the congruence found between our species delineation obtained from the mt genealogies and the discriminated morphospecies, we propose that E. ruidum is actually composed of at least three species. Two of these species have a wide geographical distribution in the Neotropics, whereas the remaining one was restricted to localities situated near the Pacific coast in south‐east Mexico. We also found extensive intra‐ and interspecific variation in the barcoding locus. Moreover, the nuclear evidence suggests the existence of hybrids between two of these species in Oaxaca, south‐east Mexico. This study agrees with previous studies of other closely related animal taxa, which have revealed a complex evolutionary history and overlooked species diversity in the latter region. 相似文献
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Julia I. Deitz Pran K. Paul Rouin Farshchi Dmitry Poplavskyy Jeff Bailey Aaron R. Arehart David W. McComb Tyler J. Grassman 《Liver Transplantation》2019,9(35)
A new experimental framework for the characterization of defects in semiconductors is demonstrated. Through the direct, energy‐resolved correlation of three analytical techniques spanning six orders of magnitude in spatial resolution, a critical mid‐bandgap electronic trap level (EV + 0.56 eV) within Ag0.2Cu0.8In1?xGaxSe2 is traced to its nanoscale physical location and chemical source. This is achieved through a stepwise, site‐specific correlated characterization workflow consisting of device‐scale (≈1 mm2) deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to survey the traps present, scanning probe–based DLTS (scanning‐DLTS) for mesoscale‐resolved (hundreds of nanometers) mapping of the target trap state's spatial distribution, and scanning transmission electron microscope based electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (STEM‐EELS) and X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy for nanoscale energy‐, structure, and chemical‐resolved investigation of the defect source. This first demonstration of the direct observation of sub‐bandgap defect levels via STEM‐EELS, combined with the DLTS methods, provides strong evidence that the long‐suspected CuIn/Ga substitutional defects are indeed the most likely source of the EV + 0.56 eV trap state and serves as a key example of this approach for the fundamental identification of defects within semiconductors, in general. 相似文献
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Alexey E. Machulkin Dmitry A. Skvortsov Yan A. Ivanenkov Anton P. Ber Mikhail V. Kavalchuk Anastasia V. Aladinskaya Anastasia A. Uspenskaya Radik R. Shafikov Ekaterina A. Plotnikova Raisa I. Yakubovskaya Ekaterina A. Nimenko Nikolay U. Zyk Elena K. Beloglazkina Nikolay V. Zyk Victor E Koteliansky Alexander G. Majouga 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2019,29(16):2229-2235
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most commonly occurring cancer in men. Conventional chemotherapy has wide variety of disadvantages such as high systemic toxicity and low selectivity. Targeted drug delivery is a promising approach to decrease side effects of therapy. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells while low level of expression is observed in normal cells. In this study we describe the development of Glu-urea-Lys based PSMA-targeting conjugates with paclitaxel. A series of new PSMA targeting conjugates with paclitaxel was designed and synthesized. The cytotoxicity of conjugates was evaluated against prostate (LNCaP, 22Rv1 and PC-3) and non-prostate (Hek293T, VA13, A549 and MCF-7) cell lines. The most promising conjugate 21 was examined in vivo using 22Rv1 xenograft mice model. It demonstrated good efficiency comparable with paclitaxel, while reduced toxicity. 3D molecular docking study was also performed to understand underlying mechanism of binding and further optimization of the linker substructure and conjugates structure for improving the target affinity. These conjugates may be useful for further design of novel PSMA targeting delivery systems for PC. 相似文献
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Evseeva Nina V. Tkachenko Oksana V. Denisova Alena Yu. Burygin Gennady L. Veselov Dmitry S. Matora Larisa Yu. Shchyogolev Sergei Yu. 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2019,35(12):1-10
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology - Derived from RNA, 5?-ribonucleotides, especially Inosine-5?-monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine-5?-monophosphate (GMP), can enhance... 相似文献
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Biology Bulletin - A review of our own data and published material on the screening pigments of the eyes of vertebrates and invertebrates and the human eye, i.e., melanosomes and ommochromes, is... 相似文献