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Solveig Tangedal Marianne Aanerud Louise JP Persson Karl A Brokstad Per S Bakke Tomas M Eagan 《Respiratory research》2014,15(1)
Background
Sputum induction is a non-invasive method for obtaining measurements of inflammation in the airways. Whether spontaneously sampled sputum can be a valid surrogate is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare levels of six inflammatory markers in sputum pairs consisting of induced and spontaneous sputum sampled on the same consultation either in a stable state or during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods
433 COPD patients aged 40–76, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage II-IV were enrolled in 2006/07 and followed every six months for three years. 356 patients were followed for potential exacerbations. Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-18, interferon gamma-inducible protein-10, monokine induced by gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IP-10, MIG and TNF-α) were measured by bead based multiplex immunoassay in 60 paired sputum samples from 45 patients. Albumin was measured by enzyme immunoassay, for concentration correction. Culturing for bacterial growth was performed on 24 samples. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess agreement. The paired non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analyses. For all analyses, a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Agreement between the two measurements was generally low for all six markers. TNF-α was significantly higher in spontaneous sputum at exacerbations (p = 0.002) and trending higher at the steady state (p = 0.06). Correlation coefficients between the levels of markers in induced and spontaneous sputum varied between 0.58 (IL-18) to 0.83 (IP-10). In spontaneous sputum IL-18 and MIG were higher in ex-smokers (p < 0.05). The levels of all markers were higher in GOLD stage III & IV except for IL-6 in spontaneous sputum and IL-18 in induced sputum, compared with GOLD stage II, although not statistically significant. In spontaneous sputum the levels of IL-6 were significantly higher if Haemophilus influenzae (HI) was not cultured.Conclusion
We observed a low agreement and significant differences in inflammatory markers between induced and spontaneous sputum, both at steady state and exacerbations. We recommend considering sampling method when reporting on inflammatory markers in sputum. 相似文献55.
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Glycosylation sites and site-specific glycosylation in human Tamm- Horsfall glycoprotein 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
The N-glycosylation sites of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein from one
healthy male donor have been characterized, based on an approach using
endoproteinase Glu-C (V-8 protease, Staphylococcus aureus ) digestion and a
combination of chromatographic techniques, automated Edman sequencing, and
fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Seven out of the eight potential
N-glycosylation sites, namely, Asn52, Asn56, Asn208, Asn251, Asn298,
Asn372, and Asn489, turned out to be glycosylated, and the potential
glycosylation site at Asn14, being close to the N-terminus, is not used.
The carbohydrate microheterogeneity on three of the glycosylation sites was
studied in more detail by high-pH anion-exchange chromatographic profiling
and 500 MHz1H-NMR spectroscopy. Glycosylation site Asn489 contains mainly
di- and tri-charged oligosaccharides which comprise, among others, the
GalNAc4 S (beta1-4)GlcNAc terminal sequence. Only glycosylation site Asn251
bears oligomannose-type carbohydrate chains ranging from Man5GlcNAc2to
Man8GlcNAc2, in addition to a small amount of complex- type structures.
Profiling of the carbohydrate moieties of Asn208 indicates a large
heterogeneity, similar to that established for native human Tamm-Horsfall
glycoprotein, namely, multiply charged complex-type carbohydrate
structures, terminated by sulfate groups, sialic acid residues, and/or the
Sda-determinant.
相似文献
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