Transcriptional regulation of the antioxidant protein 2 gene, a thiol-specific antioxidant, by lens epithelium-derived growth factor to protect cells from oxidative stress.

Antioxidant protein 2 (AOP2), a member of the newly defined family of thiol-specific antioxidant proteins, has been shown to remove H(2)O(2) and protect proteins and DNA from oxidative stress. Here we report that LEDGF is one of the regulatory factors for the AOP2 gene. We found that LEDGF bound to the heat shock element and to stress-related elements in the AOP2 promoter. It trans-activated expression of AOP2-CAT in COS-7 cells and lens epithelial cells overexpressing LEDGF. Mutations in the heat shock element and stress-related elements of the AOP2 promoter reduced LEDGF-dependent trans-activation. Lens epithelial cells showed a higher level of AOP2 mRNA in the presence of LEDGF. Cells overexpressing LEDGF exhibited a higher level of AOP2 protein, the level of which was directly related to the increase in cellular protection. Thus, LEDGF, by activating the AOP2 gene, protected and enhanced the survival of cells under oxidative stress.     

Laboratory Estimation of Field Resistance of Potato to Late Blight

Based on quantitative measurement of components of field resistance of potatoes to late blight, a multiple linear regression equation is derived for laboratory estimation of Area Under Disease Progress Curve. The equation accounts for 82% of variation in Area Under Disease Progress Curve. Transformation of data or inclusion of more terms do not improve the equation significantly. The method is suggested as a replacement or supplement to field testing.     

Preliminary X-ray investigation of a bifunctional inhibitor from Indian finger millet (ragi).

A bifunctional alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor that has two binding sites has been purified from ragi. The inhibitor has been crystallized from its ammonium sulphate solution by the vapour diffusion method. The crystals belong to the orthogonal space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions a = 30.49 A, b = 56.30 A, c = 73.65 A and Z = 4.     

Molecular mimicry between a uveitopathogenic site of S-antigen and viral peptides. Induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats.

S-Antigen (S-Ag) is a well characterized 45,000 m.w. photoreceptor cell protein. When injected into susceptible animal species, including primates, it induces an experimental autoimmune uveitis, a predominantly T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the retina and uveal tract of the eye, and of the pineal gland. In this study we found an amino acid sequence homology between a uveitopathogenic site of S-Ag, several viral proteins and one additional nonviral protein. An experimental autoimmune uveitis and pinealitis was induced in Lewis rats with these different synthetic peptides, corresponding to the amino sequence of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase, gag-pol polyprotein of Baboon endogenous virus and gag-pol polyprotein of AKV murine leukemia virus and potato proteinase inhibitor IIa, which contain three or more consecutive amino acids identical to peptide M in S-Ag. Lymph node cells from rats immunized with either peptide M or the different synthetic peptides showed a significant degree of cross-reaction. Mononuclear cells from monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) immunized with peptide M also showed significant proliferation when incubated with either peptide M or synthetic peptides as measured by in vitro lymphocyte mitogenesis assay using [3H]TdR. Based on our findings we conclude that a viral infection may sensitize the mononuclear cells that can cross-react with self proteins by a mechanism termed molecular mimicry. Tissue injury from the resultant autoantigenic event can take place in the absence of the infectious virus that initiated the immune response.     

Survival and virulence of copper- and chlorine-stressed Yersinia enterocolitica in experimentally infected mice

The effect of gastric pH on the viability and virulence of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 after exposure to sublethal concentrations of copper and chlorine was determined in mice. Viability and injury were assessed with a nonselective TLY agar (tryptic soy broth containing lactose, yeast extract, and agar) and two selective media, TLYD agar (TLY agar plus sodium deoxycholate) and CIN agar (cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar). Both copper and chlorine caused injury which was manifested by the inability of the cells to grow on selective media. CIN agar was more restrictive to the growth of injured cells than TLYD agar. Injury of the exposed cells was further enhanced in the gastric environment of mice. Besides injury, the low gastric pH caused extensive loss of viability in copper-exposed cells. Lethality in the chlorine-exposed cells was less extensive, and a portion of the inoculum (5.2 X 10(5) of 1 X 10(7) inoculated cells) reached the small intestine 5 min postinoculation. No adverse effect on the injured cells was apparent in the small intestine, and a substantial revival (approximately 70%) of the injury occurred in 3 to 4 h after intraluminal inoculation. The virulence of chlorine-stressed Y. enterocolitica in orally inoculated mice was similar to that of the control culture, but copper-stressed cells showed reduced virulence. Virulence was partly restored by oral administration of sodium bicarbonate before the inoculation of copper-exposed cells. Neutralization of gastric acidity had no effect on the virulence of the control or chlorine-stressed cells. The results of this study indicate that the extensive injury caused by the low gastric pH does not affect the virulence potential of chlorine-exposed cells. However, extensive cell death in the mouse stomach is responsible for the reduced virulence of the copper-stressed bacteria.     

Reproductive performance of four aphidophagous ladybirds on cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch

Abstract:  This study investigated prey consumption, egg production, percent progeny loss, reproductive, pre- and post-reproductive periods, reproductive time ratio, reproductive rate and bioconversion efficiency of four aphidophagous ladybirds, viz. Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Coccinella transversalis Fabricius and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) on Dolichos lablab Linnaeus infested with cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. C. sexmaculata had the highest bioconversion efficiency, reproductive rate and reproductive time ratio followed in rank order by P. dissecta , C. transversalis and C. septempunctata . This study indicates that C. sexmaculata has a narrow ecological relationship with A. craccivora . The increased allocation of resources to reproduction as indicated through a high reproductive time ratio and high bioconversion efficiency of C. sexmaculata and P. dissecta suggest that they may be better adapted to compete for this prey with larger species like C. transversalis and C. septempunctata .     

Intersubgeneric hybridization of soybeans with a wild perennial species,Glycine clandestina Wendl

Summary The exploitation of wild perennial species of subgenus Glycine has been formidable in soybean breeding programs because of extremely poor crossability and an early pod abortion. The combination of gibberellic acid application to hybridized gynoecia and improved seed culture media formulations resulted in a new intersubgeneric hybrid between Glycine max (L.) Merr. (2n=40) and G. clandestina Wendt. (2n=40). Of the 31 immature seeds cultured, 1 regenerated 21 plants through organogenesis while the remaining 30 failed to germinate. All the regenerated plants were similar morphologically, carried expected 2n=40, possessed hybrid isozyme patterns and were completely sterile. Complete absence of chromosome pairing was observed in 40.9% sporocytes. The occurrence of 1 to 6 loosely paired rod bivalents suggests some possibilities of allosyndetic pairing. Hybrid plants set aborted pods after backcrossing to G. max.     

Inheritance and expression of tissue-specific catalase activity during development and aging in mice

The catalase activity in the liver, kidney, lung, and blood hemolysate was measured in newborn, 21-, 70-, 175-, and greater than 400-day-old mice from the strains BALB/c, Csb, C3H/HeSnJ, C3H/S, C57BL/6J, SW, and 129/ReJ. Catalase activity was found to be highest in the liver (approximately 0.33 U/mg protein) followed by the kidney (approximately 0.13 U/mg protein), lung (approximately 0.05 U/mg protein), and blood hemolysate (approximately 0.03 U/mg protein). ANOVA analysis indicated significant differences in enzyme activity among strains and age groups studied. The developmental profiles of enzyme activity were tissue and strain specific. Catalase activity in the blood, for example, was generally higher at birth and at old age, whereas the kidney catalase activity was low at birth and increased substantially with age. Strains could be classified as normal (129/ReJ, BALB/c, C3H/HeSnJ, C3H/S), hypocatalasemic (C57BL/6J, SW), and acatalasemic (Csb) with respect to enzyme activity and it was on this basis that the inheritance of the catalase phenotype was studied using appropriate crosses. The enzyme activity level in each tissue appears to be governed by a unique set of genetic regulators/modifiers that interact with a single structural gene (Cs) or its product to produce the catalase phenotype. Some of these (e.g., Ce-1 and Ce-2) have been previously described but based on the results of various crosses reported here, more must exist that remain still uncharacterized at the molecular level. Models proposed for the inheritance of the catalase phenotype vary in complexity from single allelic differences between strains (e.g., BALB/c x Csb; blood) to a system of multiple interacting genetic determinants (e.g., BALB/c x Csb; liver) each having dominant (e.g., C57BL/6J over BALB/c; liver) and recessive components (e.g., gene(s) conferring the acatalasemic phenotype in BALB/c x Csb; blood and kidney). Such results are important and offer an interesting model to further characterize aspects of eukaryotic gene regulation.     

A SEM study of the olfactory lamellae of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bl.)

The olfactory lamellae of the catfish H. fossilis (Bl.) was studied in the scanning electron microscope. The olfactory lamellae are composed of sensory and non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium contains large numbers of ciliated receptor cells, whereas the non-sensory raphe epithelium is covered with a dense mat of non-sensory cilia. It is not known whether the olfactory cilia possess receptor sites.