全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10179篇 |
免费 | 842篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 90篇 |
2022年 | 165篇 |
2021年 | 311篇 |
2020年 | 257篇 |
2019年 | 274篇 |
2018年 | 401篇 |
2017年 | 303篇 |
2016年 | 474篇 |
2015年 | 574篇 |
2014年 | 625篇 |
2013年 | 710篇 |
2012年 | 875篇 |
2011年 | 800篇 |
2010年 | 515篇 |
2009年 | 435篇 |
2008年 | 532篇 |
2007年 | 505篇 |
2006年 | 478篇 |
2005年 | 312篇 |
2004年 | 328篇 |
2003年 | 300篇 |
2002年 | 266篇 |
2001年 | 184篇 |
2000年 | 183篇 |
1999年 | 145篇 |
1998年 | 73篇 |
1997年 | 70篇 |
1996年 | 63篇 |
1995年 | 50篇 |
1994年 | 53篇 |
1993年 | 48篇 |
1992年 | 65篇 |
1991年 | 50篇 |
1990年 | 32篇 |
1989年 | 66篇 |
1988年 | 40篇 |
1987年 | 32篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 25篇 |
1984年 | 35篇 |
1983年 | 28篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 19篇 |
1977年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 22篇 |
1973年 | 14篇 |
1971年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
121.
Summary The main features of the behavioural ecology of rocky intertidal species are compared both within families — though concentrated on blennies — and between habitats. It is suggested that, at the behavioural level, the reduction of vertical and swimming elements in the male sexual and agonistic displays of Blennioidei may constitute an adaptation to typical intertidal conditions, especially in those species that inhabit areas exposed to strong wave action. The other aspect which is discussed is the prevalence of parental care in rocky intertidal fishes. In these fishes parental care is much more frequent than for marine fishes as a whole. Taken alone, this could also suggest that guarding evolved as an adaptation during the process of colonization of these habitats. The hypothesis proposed in this paper is that guarding was already present in the ancestors of the resident species, at least in the majority of cases. Many differences in interhabitat studies may express the action of the environment, not as an agent of natural selection, but as a filter, which prevented some groups from invading a given habitat and, at the same time, made colonization easier for other groups. When a number of taxa that colonized a given habitat display clear similarities in their behaviour and their biology, adaptation is not necessarily demonstrated. There is evidence in the literature to support the hypothesis that those traits were already present in the ancestors of the rocky intertidal resident fishes, thus being best viewed as exaptations. 相似文献
122.
Custódio D. Santos Alberto F. Ribeiro Clélia Ferreira Walter R. Terra 《Cell and tissue research》1984,237(3):565-574
Summary Columnar cells of the larval midgut of the cassava hornworm, Erinnyis ello, display microvilli with vesicles pinching off from their tips (anterior and middle midgut) or with a large number of double membrane spheres budding along their length (posterior midgut). Basal infoldings in columnar cells occur in a parallel array with many openings to the underlying space (posterior midgut) or are less organized with few openings (anterior and middle midgut). Goblet cells have a cavity, which is formed by invagination of the apical membrane and which occupies most of the cell (anterior and middle midgut) or only its upper part (posterior midgut). The infolded apical membrane shows modified microvilli, which sometimes (posterior midgut) or always (anterior and middle midgut) contain mitochondria. The cytoplasmic side of the membrane of the microvilli that contain mitochondria are studded with small particles. The results suggest that the anterior and middle region of the midgut absorbs water, whereas the posterior region secretes it. This results in a countercurrent flux of fluid, which is responsible for the enzyme recovery from undigested food before it is expelled. Intermediary and final digestion of food probably occur in the columnar cells under the action of plasma membrane-bound and glycocalix-associated enzymes. 相似文献
123.
124.
G W Santos 《The Yale journal of biology and medicine》1982,55(5-6):477-485
Bone marrow transplantation offers two potential therapeutic advantages over more conventional therapy of leukemia. It allows more intensive treatment to be given without regard to marrow toxicity and allows in the case of allogeneic marrow an additional immunotherapeutic effect through graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Initially, allogeneic transplants in HLA matched sibling donors were only employed in end-stage patients. Although there were encouraging results in terms of long-term therapeutic effects, the overall mortality was prohibitive. Subsequently, patients were transplanted in remission with a marked improvement in overall survival in both acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. The major obstacles to further improvement in the therapeutic effects of this procedure have been identified (i.e., GVHD, viral infection, and relapse in ALL) and are subject to intensive investigations that already show encouraging results. Syngeneic marrow transplantation is limited for obvious reasons, but early results have shown significant therapeutic effects, in particular, in chronic myelogenous leukemia. These results have encouraged others to use autologous bone marrow. Marrow contamination with unseen tumor cells is being approached by pharmacologic and immunologic techniques designed to "purge" marrow of tumor cells. Animal and initial clinical studies have been encouraging. 相似文献
125.
R W Chapman T V Santiago N H Edelman 《Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)》1980,49(3):497-505
The effects of graded brain hypoxia on respiratory cycle timing, the lung inflation reflex, and respiratory compensation for an inspiratory flow-resistive load were studied in unanesthetized goats. Two models, inhalation and CO and acute reduction of brain blood flow (BBF) were used to produce comparable levels of brain hypoxia. The lung inflation reflex was assessed as the ratio of inspiratory time of an occluded breath to that of the preceding spontaneous breath (TIoccl/TIspont). Compensation for flow-resistive loading was assessed as the effect of the load upon the airway occlusion pressure response to rebreathing CO2 (delta P 0.1/delta PCO2). Major findings were 1) severe brain hypoxia (HbCO of 60% or BBF of 42%) caused tachypnea due to a 50% or more reduction of expiratory time but only a 20% or less reduction of inspiratory time; 2) moderate carboxyhemoglobinemia (HbCO of 25-30%) enhanced TIoccl/TIspont from 1.5 +/- 0.1 at control to 2.1 +/- 0.1, while severe brain hypoxia (HbCO of 60% and BBF of 42%) reduced the ratio to 1.0 +/- 0.2; and 3) compensation for a flow-resistive load, manifested by increases of delta P 0.1/delta PCO2 of 75-300% in the control state, was abolished at HbCO of 45-50% and BBF of 60%. The data suggest that in unanesthetized animals brain hypoxia elicits tachypnea largely by an effect on the expiratory phase of the bulbopontine timing mechanism. The observed enhancement of the lung inflation reflex and abolition of flow-resistive load compensation are best explained by hypoxic depression of higher than brain stem neural function. 相似文献
126.
Paul F. Hamlyn Rosemary E. Bradshaw Fiona M. Mellon Claro M. Santiago Jane M. Wilson John F. Peberdy 《Enzyme and microbial technology》1981,3(4):321-325
Several commercial polysaccharases have been compared for their ability to liberate protoplasts from fungi. These enzymes were found to contain side activities capable of hydrolysing fungal cell walls. Protoplasts have been commonly isolated from fungi using enzyme systems prepared by workers in their own laboratories. However, these procedures are time consuming and considerable variation may be found between different batches of enzyme. The present study shows that high yields of protoplasts can be prepared from a variety of fungi using relatively cheap commercial enzymes. The yields obtained were normally as good as or better than those previously produced. 相似文献
127.
Phospholipid peroxidation of isolated rat liver inner mitochondrial membranes induced by either ascorbate or cysteine was accompanied by a release of flavins and coenzyme Q. A straight correlation between this release and the alteration of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine containing one saturated and one unsaturated fatty acid has been found. Peroxidation induced on molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine containing only unsaturated fatty acids were accompanied by losses in enzyme activities of NADH-cytochrome c reductase and succinate cytochrome c reductase. 相似文献
128.
Marden A. de Alvarenga Raimundo Braz Fo Otto R. Gottlieb João P. de P. Dias Aderbal F. Magalhães Eva G. Magalhães Gouvan C. de Magalhães Mauro T. Magalhães José G.S. Maia Raquel Marques Anita J. Marsaioli Antônio A.L. Mesquita Anselmo A. de Moraes Alaide B. de Oliveira Geovane G. de Oliveira Gentil Pedreira Sebastião K. Pereira Sonildes L.V. Pinho Celira C. Santos 《Phytochemistry》1978,17(3):511-516
Wood samples, infested by fungi during storage, were shown to contain, besides the known 5-methyl-mellein, additional (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins substituted by 7-methyl, 5-formyl, 5-carboxy, 5-hydroxy, 5-methoxy, 6-methoxy-5-methyl and 6,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl groups, as well as 6-formyl-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphthalide. Several 2-methylchromanones were synthesized in order to show that this class of compounds can be distinguished from 3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins by MS. 相似文献
129.
Summary
Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium glomeratum andOrnithopus compressus were grown in soil and solution culture at varying P concentrations. Efficiency of P utilization was determined using the
following criteria: (1) The ability to produce tops dry matter with a given amount of applied P, (2) Tops dry matter produced
per unit of P taken up, (3) Tops dry matter produced at a constant plant P level and (4) Phosphorus uptake per unit root weight.
The order of efficiency varied according to the crieteria used. Using the agronomic definition (1), Serradella was the most
efficient species at 70 days.
The need to clearly define what is meant by an efficient species is demonstrated. 相似文献
130.
The aminoacid composition of protein stained bands in polyacrylamide gels, after electrophoresis of proteins from inner mitochondrial membranes, was investigated hydrolyzing directly the gel slices. The Hydrophobicity Index of 18 prominent polypeptide bands was calculated after their aminoacid analysis. The polypeptides less related to the membrane have low hydrophobicity as inferred from their Hydrophobicity Indexes. 相似文献