基于暴露度-恢复力-敏感度的城市适应气候变化能力评估与特征分析

城市是人口和社会经济活动最密集的地方,随着城市化进程和气候变化的发展,城市地区面临的气候风险和影响日益凸显。提升城市适应气候变化能力已成为城市应对气候变化挑战最重要的任务和途径。通过梳理和评价我国城市适应气候变化能力及其关键要素,以期为区域适应政策的制定和实施提供科学依据。基于IPCC适应能力评价框架,构建了基于暴露度-敏感度-恢复力的城市适应气候变化能力评估框架,进而筛选了19项指标,将指标划分为适应气候变化能力对应的5个等级,以熵权法赋权重;采用集对分析方法,评估我国286个地级市的适应气候变化能力水平,并分析了主要限制因素。结果显示,我国东部的适应能力整体高于西部地区,适应能力较低的区域主要集中在西北的甘肃陕西部分城市、华中的两湖和江西等城市以及西南的广西云南等城市;城市适应能力的各项限制要素主要表现为,适应能力高主要为暴露度-恢复力-敏感度的(低-高-低)的组合;适应能力低则分别包括暴露度-恢复力-敏感度(高-高-高)、(低-低-低)和(高-低-低)3种组合。提高城市适应气候变化能力,对西部西北的甘肃-陕西等城市,重点在于提升应对气候变化的恢复力,例如建立良好的灾后恢复与应急系统等;对于华中、西南等城市则以提高气候风险的防御能力为主。     

Quantitative regulation of the thermal stability of enveloped virus vaccines by surface charge engineering to prevent the self-aggregation of attachment glycoproteins

The development of thermostable vaccines can relieve the bottleneck of existing vaccines caused by thermal instability and subsequent poor efficacy, which is one of the predominant reasons for the millions of deaths caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Research into the mechanism of viral thermostability may provide strategies for developing thermostable vaccines. Using Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as model, we identified the negative surface charge of attachment glycoprotein as a novel determinant of viral thermostability. It prevented the temperature-induced aggregation of glycoprotein and subsequent detachment from virion surface. Then structural stability of virion surface was improved and virus could bind to and infect cells efficiently after heat-treatment. Employing the approach of surface charge engineering, thermal stability of NDV and influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines was successfully improved. The increase in the level of vaccine thermal stability was determined by the value-added in the negative surface charge of the attachment glycoprotein. The engineered live and inactivated vaccines could be used efficiently after storage at 37°C for at least 10 and 60 days, respectively. Thus, our results revealed a novel surface-charge-mediated link between HN protein and NDV thermostability, which could be used to design thermal stable NDV and IAV vaccines rationally.     

Response of physiologic metabolism and cell structures in mango fruit to exogenous methyl salicylate under low-temperature stress

We explored the effects of exogenous methyl salicylate (MeSA) on the development of chilling injury symptom, and the structure and composition of the pericarp, in mango ( Mangifera indica L. cv. 'Red 6') fruit under low-temperature stress using histochemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy together with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results indicated that chilling injury symptom was remarkably limited in the fruit treated with MeSA at 0.1 m M as compared to the 5°C control, demonstrating the positive effects of MeSA in reducing chilling injury of mango fruit in low-temperature storage. In MeSA-treated fruit, the pericarp wax surface showed many cracks, and exocarp cells exhibited normal separation. The cell wall of exocarp contained lower amounts of pectic substances, aliphatics and phenolics in MeSA-treated fruit. In addition, MeSA-treated fruit contained more esterified substances and less carboxylate and carboxyl substances. Our work revealed the importance of MeSA in enhancing fruit tolerance to low-temperature stress and suggested a contribution of cellular structure and composition to this effect, which has not been reported previously.     

有机碳化合物对鱼腥藻7120生长的影响

在培养基中添加多种有机碳化合物对鱼腥藻7120进行培养。结果表明,葡萄糖的存在能明显地促进细胞的生长,但细胞仅能有限地利用葡萄糖;细胞混合营养生长的饱和光强约为80μEm^-2s^-1。乙酸、蔗糖、乙醇和甘油对细胞生长的影响不很显著,乳酸、柠檬酸、谷氨酸和甘氨酸表现出明显的抑制作用。鱼腥藻7120不能利用葡萄糖进行化能异养生长和光激活的化能异养生长,但有轻微的光异养现象。     

Noggin and bFGF cooperate to maintain the pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells in the absence of feeder layers

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are typically maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders or with MEF-conditioned medium. However, these xenosupport systems greatly limit the therapeutic applications of hES cells because of the risk of cross-transfer of animal pathogens. Here we showed that the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin is critical in preventing differentiation of hES cells in culture. Furthermore, we found that the combination of noggin and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was sufficient to maintain the prolonged growth of hES cells while retaining all hES cell features. Since both noggin and bFGF are expressed in MEF, our findings suggest that they may be important factors secreted by MEF for maintaining undifferentiated pluripotent hES cells. Our data provide new insight into the mechanism how hES cell self-renewal is regulated. The newly developed feeder-free culture system will provide a more reliable alternative for future therapeutic applications of hES cells.     

山羊重组促卵泡素长效类似物基因在毕赤酵母中表达

为了获得长效FSH制剂, 利用重叠PCR技术将山羊FSH的a, b亚单位, 通过hCGb亚单位羧基末端延长肽(CTP)基因序列的连接, 构建成单链长效类似物基因FSHb-CTP-a。将其克隆至表达载体pPIC9K, 重组载体线性化处理后电转化至毕赤酵母GS115中, 经判型和G418筛选后获得高拷贝菌株His+Mut+。经甲醇诱导表达后, 进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表明: 重组FSHb-CTP-a的转化子可以正确有效地表达目的蛋白, 分子量约为29 kD。放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定表达上清, 高拷贝转化子的平均表达量为91.849 mIU/mL, 显著高于低拷贝转化子的平均37.419 mIU/mL的表达量, 为FSH的结构研究和长效FSH制剂的生产奠定了基础。     

杀虫遗传工程荧光假单胞菌IPP202部分生物学特性

对遗传工程荧光假单胞菌IPP202进行了质粒稳定性检 测、抑菌活性测定、在棉花根部和叶面定殖能力分析、杀虫蛋白抗紫外能力检测及田间杀虫 活性测定等试验。结果表明,工程菌与出发菌株P303相比,其抑菌、定殖等有益于植物的优 良特性未发生显著变化;经过连续培养和连续稀释培养后工程菌的质粒都非常稳定;广波长 紫外线照射2 h后,苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)由于裸露的伴 孢晶体杀虫蛋白受紫外线破坏因而杀虫活性大大下降,而荧光假单胞菌工程菌的活性变化不 大;IPP202田间杀虫活性与Bt野生菌株接近。工程菌有望解决Bt本身存在的杀虫蛋白多以裸 露晶体的形式存在而易受紫外线破坏的弱点,同时也发挥了P303菌株在多种植物上定殖能力 的优点,使其具有在植物周围大量繁殖而直到杀虫作用的优势。通过进一步研究,将有望构 建成更有实用价值的工程菌。