人体乳腺癌细胞超微结构的体视学分析及秩和检验

用体视学方法分别对20例中期和20例晚期女性乳腺浸润性硬性单纯癌的四种癌细胞器的23个形态参数进行体视学的统测和秩和计量分析,筛选出区别度最高的3个最佳参数。研究发现最突出的是统计推断出线粒体的3个最佳参数的癌早期参数值,并绘出了分布曲线。最后探讨了线粒体在不同期形态结构的变异程度与患者预后的关系。     

Dynamic flux balance analysis for pharmaceutical protein production by Pichia pastoris: human growth hormone

The influence of methanol feeding rate on intracellular reaction network of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) producing Pichia pastoris was investigated at three different specific growth rates, namely, 0.02 (MS-0.02), 0.03 (MS-0.03), and 0.04 h(-1) (MS-0.04) where Period-I (33 ≤ t <42 h) includes the early exponential growth phase; Period-II (42 ≤ t<48 h) is the exponential growth phase where the specific cell growth rate decreases; Period-III (48 ≤ t ≤51 h) is the exponential growth phase where rhGH concentration was the highest; and Period-IV (t>51 h) is the diminution phase for rhGH and cell synthesis. In Period-I, almost all of the formaldehyde entered the assimilatory pathway, at MS-0.02 and MS-0.03, whereas, at MS-0.04 high methanol feeding rate resulted in an adaptation problem. In Period-III, only at MS-0.02 co-carbon source sorbitol uptake-flux was active showing that sorbitol uptake does not affected from the predetermined feeding rate of methanol at μ(0)>0.02 h(-1). The biomass synthesis flux value was the highest in Period-I, -II and -III, respectively at MS-0.03 & MS-0.04, MS-0.04 and MS-0.02; whereas, rhGH flux was the highest in Period-I, -II, and -III, respectively at MS-0.03, MS-0.02 and MS-0.03. Based on the fluxes, Period-I should start with MS-0.03 methanol feeding rate and starting from the middle of Period-II methanol feeding rate should be shifted to MS-0.02.     

Preparative-scale kinetic resolution of racemic styrene oxide by immobilized epoxide hydrolase

Epoxide hydrolase from Aspergillus niger was immobilized onto the modified Eupergit C 250 L through a Schiff base formation. Eupergit C 250 L was treated with ethylenediamine to introduce primary amine groups which were subsequently activated with glutaraldehyde. The amount of introduced primary amine groups was 220 μmol/g of the support after ethylenediamine treatment, and 90% of these groups were activated with glutaraldehyde. Maximum immobilization of 80% was obtained with modified Eupergit C 250 L under the optimized conditions. The optimum pH was 7.0 for the free epoxide hydrolase and 6.5 for the immobilized epoxide hydrolase. The optimum temperature for both free and immobilized epoxide hydrolase was 40 °C. The free epoxide hydrolase retained 52 and 33% of its maximum activity at 40 and 60 °C, respectively after 24h preincubation time whereas the retained activities of immobilized epoxide hydrolase at the same conditions were 90 and 75%, respectively. Immobilized epoxide hydrolase showed about 2.5-fold higher enantioselectivity than that of free epoxide hydrolase. A preparative-scale (120 g/L) kinetic resolution of racemic styrene oxide using immobilized preparation was performed in a batch reactor and (S)-styrene oxide and (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol were both obtained with about 50% yield and 99% enantiomeric excess. The immobilized epoxide hydrolase was retained 90% of its initial activity after 5 reuses.     

Genetic diversity of Cypripedium calceolus in Poland

In this work we assessed the genetic diversity of 32 C.?calceolus populations from Poland. Mean genetic diversity was moderate (P?=?36.4%, A?=?1.58, H _O?=?0.143, F _IS?=?0.059), and seven geographic regions did not differ significantly in their levels of polymorphism (p?>?0.05), although allele frequencies varied greatly. Only four unique alleles were found, at three sites in southern and southeastern Poland. Genetic (P, A) and genotypic diversity parameters (G, G _U) were significantly correlated with population size (p?<?0.001). In the 32 studied populations we separated 422 different multilocus genotypes; none was common to all populations. Overall population differentiation was moderate at 0.137 (p?<?0.001), but we found a significant pattern of isolation by distance for the whole dataset (r ²?=?0.65, p?<?0.001). Our chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) results suggest a single evolutionary lineage and a common origin for all Polish C.?calceolus populations. Information about the genetic health of C.?calceolus populations should be useful in developing conservation strategies.     

Control of transplant tolerance and intragraft regulatory T cell localization by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CCL5

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature cells that are believed to inhibit immune responses in the contexts of cancer and organ transplantation, in association with regulatory T cells (Treg). However, the way in which MDSC cooperate with Treg remains elusive. In this study, we used DNA microarrays to analyze gene expression in blood-derived MDSC from rat recipients of kidney allografts. We found CCL5 (Rantes), a chemotactic C-C motif 5 chemokine, to be strongly downregulated after treatment with a tolerizing regimen. The amount of CCL5 protein was also lower in the plasma of tolerant recipients, whereas intragraft CCL5 was unchanged. Because CCL5 is chemotactic for Treg, we hypothesized that a gradient of CCL5 between the graft and peripheral blood might contribute to the intragraft localization of Treg in tolerant animals. To test this hypothesis, we treated tolerant rat recipients of kidney allografts with recombinant rat CCL5 to restore normal plasma concentrations. This led to a strong reduction in intragraft Treg monitored by immunohistofluorescence and by quantitative real-time PCR measurement of Foxp3 mRNA. Ultimately, this treatment led to an increase in serum creatinine concentrations and to kidney graft rejection after about a month. The kidney function of syngeneic grafts was not affected by a similar administration of CCL5. These data highlight the contribution of MDSC to the establishment of a graft-to-periphery CCL5 gradient in tolerant kidney allograft recipients, which controls recruitment of Treg to the graft where they likely contribute to maintaining tolerance.     

Clinical,genetic, and functional characterization of the glycine receptor β-subunit A455P variant in a family affected by hyperekplexia syndrome

Hyperekplexia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by exaggerated startle responses affecting newborns with the hallmark characteristics of hypertonia, apnea, and noise or touch-induced nonepileptic seizures. The genetic causes of the disease can vary, and several associated genes and mutations have been reported to affect glycine receptors (GlyRs); however, the mechanistic links between GlyRs and hyperekplexia are not yet understood. Here, we describe a patient with hyperekplexia from a consanguineous family. Extensive genetic screening using exome sequencing coupled with autozygome analysis and iterative filtering supplemented by in silico prediction identified that the patient carries the homozygous missense mutation A455P in GLRB, which encodes the GlyR β-subunit. To unravel the physiological and molecular effects of A455P on GlyRs, we used electrophysiology in a heterologous system as well as immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, and cellular biochemistry. We found a reduction in glycine-evoked currents in N2A cells expressing the mutation compared to WT cells. Western blot analysis also revealed a reduced amount of GlyR β protein both in cell lysates and isolated membrane fractions. In line with the above observations, coimmunoprecipitation assays suggested that the GlyR α₁-subunit retained coassembly with β^A455P to form membrane-bound heteromeric receptors. Finally, structural modeling showed that the A455P mutation affected the interaction between the GlyR β-subunit transmembrane domain 4 and the other helices of the subunit. Taken together, our study identifies and validates a novel loss-of-function mutation in GlyRs whose pathogenicity is likely to cause hyperekplexia in the affected individual.     

Design of concrete : Setting a new basis for improving both durability and environmental performance

CO₂ emissions from cement production currently represent around 6% of global CO₂ emissions. However, cement concrete absorbs CO₂ from the atmosphere because of carbonation (i.e., penetration of atmospheric CO₂ inside bulk concrete). Carbonation has beneficial effects on the mechanical resistance of cement concrete. However, carbonation also has adverse effects because it provokes a decrease in pH that favors later corrosion of reinforcing bars and thus reduces service life. Current European standards provide recommendations concerning reinforcing concrete covers, but these are not based on actual service‐life durations. Thanks to a previously developed carbonation model combined with sensitivity analysis and LCA, we compare Climate Change indicators of 1 m² of reinforced concrete cover over a 100‐years service life exposed to XC4 conditions in Madrid, obtained on one hand by using current standards and on the other hand with concrete‐cover depths calculated with our carbonation model. Our results show that cement strength class is a key parameter to both increase durability and decrease climate‐change impacts. When the carbonation model is used to optimize both durability and climate‐change impacts, it drives to considerable and significant improvements. Finally, climate‐change indicators predicted from our carbonation model are not linearly linked to carbon intensity of cements, which is a current argument of so‐called “green cements.” The values of indicators presented in this article cannot be generalized: They mainly depend on the geographical location. However, the model and key action levers are general. Using high cement strength classes and low water‐to‐cement ratios allows use of lower concrete‐cover depths and thus save amounts of concrete compared to the standard. This generates an important benefit in terms of climate‐change impacts for identical service lives and improved mechanical resistance. Thus, considering the huge impact of cement and construction industry on climate change, we plead for a revision of standards which, instead of thresholds based on simplified models, should provide certified tools enabling the best design for every situation. This article met the requirements for a gold/gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.