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Alex Miller Shahadat Uddin Debra S. Judge Beth A. Kaplin Dieudonne Ndayishimiye Grace Uwingeneye Cyril C. Grueter 《American journal of primatology》2020,82(6):e23127
Primates display broad diversity in their social organization. The social groups of a few primate species are organized in a multilevel fashion, with large groups composed of multiple, core one-male units (OMUs). A characteristic of multilevel societies is that the higher levels can include hundreds of individuals. The Rwenzori black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in the montane forests of Rwanda form supergroups and have been suspected to exhibit multilevel social organization. Here we present the first data on the “anatomy” of a supergroup numbering 500+ individuals. We identified subgroups within the supergroup based on progression data, extracting the social network structure from the time-stamped spatiotemporal distribution of passing individuals identified to age–sex class, and selecting an optimal time window for each network using the two-step approach developed by Uddin, Choudhury, Farhad, and Rahman (2017). We detail the existence of core units—multi-male units (MMUs) with a mean of 1.7 adult males and 3.1 adult females, as well as OMUs, all-female units and bachelor units composed of adult and sub-adult males. More than two-thirds of units are MMUs. These grouping patterns conform to a multilevel society with predominantly multi-male core units, a social system that has recently also been described for a population of the same taxon in Uganda. Individual identification will be required to corroborate these interpretations. 相似文献
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Masanori?Nakaem-nakae@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp; KS fishssk@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp" title="MN m-nakae@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp; KS fishssk@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp" itemprop="email" data-track="click" data-track-action="Email author" data-track-label="">Email author Kunio?Sasaki 《Ichthyological Research》2004,51(4):327-336
Homologies of the adductor mandibulae muscles in eight families of Tetraodontiformes were hypothesized from the branching patterns of ramus mandibularis trigeminus. Insertions of the muscles to the upper or lower jaw were weak indicators of homology, migrations of the sites occurring frequently in A1, A2, A2, and A3. In monacanthids, tetraodontids, and diodontids, A1 tended to be split into numerous subsections, whereas in aracanids and ostraciids, A3 was highly developed, comprising three or four subsections. In tetraodontids, A2 was found to be a composite of A1 subsection and A2. The methods of and limits to applying nerve branching patterns to muscle homology are discussed. A new naming system that reflects both muscle homologies and insertions is proposed. 相似文献
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Various studies have shown that the lipolytic response of white adipocytes to catecholamines was dependent on the anatomical origin of these cells. To provide a biological explanation for this phenomenon, we compared hamster white adipocytes, from femoral subcutaneous and epididymal fat, for their lipolytic activities, cAMP responses and adrenoceptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system. Basal and maximal lipolytic responses to the beta-adrenergic (isoproterenol) and the mixed alpha 2/beta-adrenergic (epinephrine) agonists were lower in femoral subcutaneous cells than in epididymal cells, but the alpha 2-adrenergic antilipolytic response to 5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)quinoxaline bi-tartate (UK14304) was slightly greater in femoral subcutaneous fat cells than in epididymal fat cells. Identical results were observed for cAMP responses, except for the alpha 2-adrenergic inhibitory response which was identical in both fat deposits. Adrenoceptors studies revealed higher density of inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptors 2-(2-methoxy-1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-imidazoline ([3H]RX821002-binding sites) in femoral subcutaneous fat cells than in epididymal fat cells, but identical density of stimulatory beta-adrenoceptors (125I-cyanopindolol-binding sites) and similar subdivision into beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in both adipose deposits. Finally, the level of the alpha-subunits of the stimulatory and inhibitors guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins, as well as the adenylate cyclase catalytic activity were 40-50% lower in femoral subcutaneous fat cell membranes than in epididymal fat cell membranes. These results suggest that the differences in cAMP and lipolytic responses to catecholamines between epididymal and femoral subcutaneous adipocytes result at least in part from site-related differences in the adenylate cyclase system rather than in the adrenoceptor status. 相似文献
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Daniel Engelman Michael Marks Andrew C. Steer Abate Beshah Gautam Biswas Olivier Chosidow Luc E. Coffeng Belen Lardizabal Dofitas Wendemagegn Enbiale Mosoka Fallah Elkhan Gasimov Adrian Hopkins Julie Jacobson John M. Kaldor Fatimata Ly Charles D. Mackenzie Jodie McVernon Matthew Parnaby Merelesita Rainima-Qaniuci Oliver Sokana Dieudonne Sankara Rie Yotsu Aya Yajima Paul T. Cantey 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2021,15(9)
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that causes a significant health burden, particularly in disadvantaged communities and where there is overcrowding. There is emerging evidence that ivermectin-based mass drug administration (MDA) can reduce the prevalence of scabies in some settings, but evidence remains limited, and there are no formal guidelines to inform control efforts. An informal World Health Organization (WHO) consultation was organized to find agreement on strategies for global control. The consultation resulted in a framework for scabies control and recommendations for mapping of disease burden, delivery of interventions, and establishing monitoring and evaluation. Key operational research priorities were identified. This framework will allow countries to set control targets for scabies as part of national NTD strategic plans and develop control strategies using MDA for high-prevalence regions and outbreak situations. As further evidence and experience are collected and strategies are refined over time, formal guidelines can be developed. The control of scabies and the reduction of the health burden of scabies and associated conditions will be vital to achieving the targets set in WHO Roadmap for NTDs for 2021 to 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. 相似文献
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David H. Fleisher Bruno Condori Roberto Quiroz Ashok Alva Senthold Asseng Carolina Barreda Marco Bindi Kenneth J. Boote Roberto Ferrise Angelinus C. Franke Panamanna M. Govindakrishnan Dieudonne Harahagazwe Gerrit Hoogenboom Soora Naresh Kumar Paolo Merante Claas Nendel Jorgen E. Olesen Phillip S. Parker Dirk Raes Rubi Raymundo Alex C. Ruane Claudio Stockle Iwan Supit Eline Vanuytrecht Joost Wolf Prem Woli 《Global Change Biology》2017,23(3):1258-1281
A potato crop multimodel assessment was conducted to quantify variation among models and evaluate responses to climate change. Nine modeling groups simulated agronomic and climatic responses at low‐input (Chinoli, Bolivia and Gisozi, Burundi)‐ and high‐input (Jyndevad, Denmark and Washington, United States) management sites. Two calibration stages were explored, partial (P1), where experimental dry matter data were not provided, and full (P2). The median model ensemble response outperformed any single model in terms of replicating observed yield across all locations. Uncertainty in simulated yield decreased from 38% to 20% between P1 and P2. Model uncertainty increased with interannual variability, and predictions for all agronomic variables were significantly different from one model to another (P < 0.001). Uncertainty averaged 15% higher for low‐ vs. high‐input sites, with larger differences observed for evapotranspiration (ET), nitrogen uptake, and water use efficiency as compared to dry matter. A minimum of five partial, or three full, calibrated models was required for an ensemble approach to keep variability below that of common field variation. Model variation was not influenced by change in carbon dioxide (C), but increased as much as 41% and 23% for yield and ET, respectively, as temperature (T) or rainfall (W) moved away from historical levels. Increases in T accounted for the highest amount of uncertainty, suggesting that methods and parameters for T sensitivity represent a considerable unknown among models. Using median model ensemble values, yield increased on average 6% per 100‐ppm C, declined 4.6% per °C, and declined 2% for every 10% decrease in rainfall (for nonirrigated sites). Differences in predictions due to model representation of light utilization were significant (P < 0.01). These are the first reported results quantifying uncertainty for tuber/root crops and suggest modeling assessments of climate change impact on potato may be improved using an ensemble approach. 相似文献
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Glucose administration before exercise modulates catecholaminergic responses in glycogen-depleted subjects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gozal David; Thiriet Patrice; Cottet-Emard Jean Marie; Wouassi Dieudonne; Bitanga Emmanuel; Geyssant Andre; Pequignot Jean Marc; Sagnol Marcel 《Journal of applied physiology》1997,82(1):248-256
Gozal, David, Patrice Thiriet, Jean Marie Cottet-Emard,Dieudonné Wouassi, Emmanuel Bitanga, André Geyssant, JeanMarc Pequignot, and Marcel Sagnol. Glucose administration before exercise modulates catecholaminergic responses in glycogen-depleted subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1):248-256, 1997.In glycogen-depleted subjects (GD) a nonlinearincrease in epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) parallels bloodlactate (La) during graded exercise. The effect of glucose(Glc) supplementation and route of administration on theserelationships was studied in 26 GD athletes who were randomly assignedto receive 1.3 g/kg Glc by slow intravenous infusion (IV;n = 9), oral administration (PO;n = 9), or artificially sweetenedplacebo in 1 liter of water (Asp; n = 8) in the 2 h preceding a graded maximal exercise. Performance and Lawere similar among the three groups in normal glycogen (NG) or GDconditions. However, slightly improved performances were observed in GDcompared with NG and were associated with a shift to the right in Lacurves. Blood Glc concentrations were higher in IV and PO beforeexercise, but they rapidly decreased to lowest levels in IV, graduallydecreased over time in PO, and remained stable in Asp or NG. Insulinconcentrations were highest in IV and lowest in Asp and NG at onset ofexercise, rapidly decreasing in IV and PO although remaining at higherlevels than in Asp or NG. In contrast, higher serum levels of freefatty acids were measured during exercise in Asp with no significant differences in glucagon or glycerol among the three groups. Free andsulfated NE increases were smaller in IV than in PO and Asp onexhaustion. In contrast, free and conjugated Epi were most increased inIV, with smallest increases in Asp. Dopamine levels were most increasedin IV at exhaustion. We conclude that the changes of Epi and NEconcentrations, associated with the activation of glucoregulatorymechanisms, including hyperinsulinemia, display different magnitude andtime courses during exercise in GD subjects who receive oral vs.intravenous load of Glc before exercise. We speculate that themagnitude of insulin surge after acutely increased Glc before exercisein GD subjects may exert dissociative effects on adrenal-dependentglycogenolysis and on sympathetic responses. 相似文献
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James A Mbah Moses N Ngemenya Ashime Louis Abawah Smith B Babiaka Lina N Nubed Kennedy D Nyongbela Njimoh Dieudonne Lemuh Simon MN Efange 《Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials》2012,11(1):1-10
Background
The global burden of bacterial infections is high and has been further aggravated by increasing resistance to antibiotics. In the search for novel antibacterials, three medicinal plants: Peperomia vulcanica, Peperomia fernandopoioana (Piperaceae) and Scleria striatinux (Cyperaceae), were investigated for antibacterial activity and toxicity.Methods
Crude extracts of these plants were tested by the disc diffusion method against six bacterial test organisms followed by bio-assay guided fractionation, isolation and testing of pure compounds. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were measured by the microdilution method. The acute toxicity of the active extracts and cytotoxicity of the active compound were performed in mice and mammalian cells, respectively.Results
The diameter of the zones of inhibition (DZI) of the extracts ranged from 7?C13?mm on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of which the methylene chloride:methanol [1:1] extract of Scleria striatinux recorded the highest activity (DZI?=?13?mm). Twenty-nine pure compounds were screened and one, Okundoperoxide, isolated from S. striatinux, recorded a DZI ranging from 10?C19?mm on S. aureus. The MICs and MBCs indicated that the Peperomias had broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity. Toxicity tests showed that Okundoperoxide may have a low risk of toxicity with an LC50 of 46.88???g/mL.Conclusions
The antibacterial activity of these plants supports their use in traditional medicine. The pure compound, Okundoperoxide, may yield new antibacterial lead compounds following medicinal chemistry exploration. 相似文献19.
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ZA Muchlisin Musri Musman MN Siti Azizah 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2010,8(1):49