Variation in N2 fixation,N and P contents of mycorrhizalVigna unguiculata in relation to the progressive development of extraradical hyphae ofGlomus mosseae

Summary Vigna unguiculata cv. 58–185 grown in a sterile Dek soil was inoculated withRhizobium sp. orRhizobium sp. plusGlomus mosseae. Response of the host plant to the treatments was estimated by periodic measurements of shoot and nodule dry weights, N₂ fixation (C₂H₂ reduction activity) and N and P contents up to the 50th day of the growth cycle. It was only 45 days after planting that shoot dry weight of dually inoculated plants differed significantly from that of plants inoculated withRhizobium sp. alone. Nodule dry weight and N₂ fixation of dually inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of plants inoculated withRhizobium sp. alone from day 20 after planting, but there was no significant difference in N content (%). During the first 20 days, shoot P content (%) of both sets of plants decreased progressively, P content of dually inoculated plants being lower than that of the others. Later, P content of dually inoculated plants increased rapidly whereas P content of the other plants remained constant. Increase in nodule dry weight, N₂ fixation and P content of dually inoculated plants corresponded to the onset of the development of the extra-radical hyphae ofGlomus mosseae. In the rhizosphere.

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Resumen Se cultivóVigna unguiculata cv. 58–185 en un suelo estéril tipo Dek, se inoculó conRhizobium sp. o conRhizobium sp. másGlomus mosseae. La respuesta de la planta huésped a los tratamientos se estudió midiendo periodicamente el peso seco de la parte aerea y de los nódulos, la fijación de N (actividad reductora de C₂H₂) y los contenidos de N y P hasta el 50° día del ciclo de crecimiento. La diferencia entre el peso seco de la parte aerea de las plantas con doble inoculación y aquellas inoculadas conRhizobium sp. unicamente, no fue significativa hasta 45 días despúés de la siembra. A los 20 días de la siembra tanto el peso seco de los nódulos como la fijación de nitrógeno de las plantas con doble inoculación eran significativamente superiores a los valores obtenidos para las plantas con soloRhizobium sp., aunque no se observaron diferencias en el contenido en N (%). Durante los primeros 20 días del ciclo el contenido en P (%) de ambos grupos de plantas disminuyó progresivamente, siendo los valores obtenidos por las plantas con doble inoculación inferiores a los de las demás. Más tarde el contenido en P de las plantas con doble inoculación aumentó rapidamente manteniéndose constante el de las demás. El incremento en el peso seco de los nódulos, en la fijación de N y en el contenido en P de las plantas con doble inoculación se correspondió con el inicio del desarrollo de las hifas extraradiculares deGlomus mosseae.

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Résumé On a inoculéV. unguiculata poussant dans un sol Dek stérile avecRhizobium etRhizobium plusGlomus mosseae. On a recherché la réponse de la plante-hôte à ces deux traitements en estimant périodiquement les poids des nodules et des parties aériennes de la plante, la fixation d'azote (activité réductrice de C₂H₂), les teneurs en N et P jusqu'au 50^e jour du cycle de végétation. C'est seulement au 45^e jour après la plantation que le poids sec des parties aériennes des plantes inoculées avec deux symbiotes (plantes doublement inoculées) diffère significativement de celui des plantes inoculées avec Rhizobium seul. Le poids sec des nodules et la fixation N₂ des plantes doublement inoculées sont significativement plus élevés que ceux des plantes inoculées avecRhizobium seul au 20^e jour après la plantation mais il n'y a pas de différence significative pour la teneur en N (%). Pendant les 20 premiers jours, la teneur en P (%) des parties aériennes des deux catégories de plantes décroit progressivement; la teneur en P des plantes doublement inoculées est plus faible que celle des plantes inoculées seulement avecRhizobium. Plus tard, la teneur en P des plantes doublement inoculées augmente rapidement tandis que celle des autres plantes reste constante. L'accroissement du poids sec des nodules, de la fixation d'azote et de la teneur en P observé chez les plantes doublement inoculées correspond au démarrage du développement des hyphes extra-radicales deGlomus mosseae dans la rhizosphère.

     

Allelic variation in HLA-B and HLA-C sequences and the evolution of the HLA-B alleles

Several new HLA-B (B8, B51, Bw62)- and HLA-C (Cw6, Cw7)-specific genes were isolated either as genomic cosmid or cDNA clones to study the diversity of HLA antigens. The allele specificities were identified by sequence analysis in comparison with published HLA-B and -C sequences, by transfection experiments, and Southern and northern blot analysis using oligonucleotide probes. Comparison of the classical HLA-A, -B, and -C sequences reveals that allele-specific substitutions seem to be rare events. HLA-B51 codes only for one allelespecific residue: arginine at position 81 located on the 1 helix, pointing toward the antigen binding site. HLA-B8 contains an acidic substitution in amino acid position 9 on the first central sheet which might affect antigen binding capacity, perhaps in combination with the rare replacement at position 67 (F) on the ul helix. HLA-B8 shows greatest homology to HLA-Bw42, -Bw41, -B7, and-Bw60 antigens, all of which lack the conserved restriction sites Pst I at position 180 and Sac I at position 131. Both sites associated with amino acid replacements seem to be genetic markers of an evolutionary split of the HLA-B alleles, which is also observed in the leader sequences. HLA-Cw7 shows 98% sequence identity to the JY328 gene. In general, the HLA-C alleles display lower levels of variability in the highly polymorphic regions of the 1 and 2 domains, and have more distinct patterns of locus-specific residues in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Thus we propose a more recent origin for the HLA-C locus.     

Role of phospholipases in myocardial ischemia: effect of cardioprotective agents on the phospholipases A of heart cytosol and sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro

Increased breakdown of myocardial phospholipids to fatty acids and lysophosphoglycerides is an early feature of myocardial ischemic injury and many investigators believe that enhanced phospholipase action is an important factor in the process. Several recent reports indicate that inhibitors of phospholipase A, such as mepacrine, chloroquine and chlorpromazine, can prevent heart phosphoglyceride breakdown in vivo. We isolated the phospholipases A from rat heart cytosol and sarcoplasmic reticulum and examined the effects of various cardioprotective substances on their activity. Most of the cardioprotective agents studied inhibited the heart phospholipases in vitro, providing further evidence that phospholipid degradation in ischemic myocardial injury may be modulated by pharmacologic agents.     

IR vibrational CD in model deoxyoligonucleotides: observation of the B----Z phase transition and extended coupled oscillator intensity calculations

The first observation of ir vibrational CD (VCD) in small model DNA molecules is reported. The VCD signals in the 1550-1750-cm-1 spectral region, which originate from coupling of carbonyl stretching modes of the nucleic acid bases, are found to be sensitive to the handedness of the polymer helix. The formalism to calculate VCD intensities of polymers is developed from the exciton model derived earlier by Tinoco [(1963) Radiation Res. 20, 133; (1960) J. Chem. Phys. 33, 1332; (1964) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 297] and Schellman and co-workers [(1975) Biopolymers 14, 173; (1969) J. Phys. Chem. 73, 28]. The resulting equations, which are a direct extension of the dimeric case known as the "coupled oscillator," are used in model calculations of the helical polymers.     

Ontogeny of hormone-secreting cells of the rat pituitary gland: An immunocytochemical study on dissociated cells

Summary An immunocytochemical study was undertaken in foetal, prepubertal and mature rats to determine the time of differentiation of various types of adenohypophyseal cells during development. Freshly dissociated pituitary cells from foetal (18–21 days postconception), neonatal (from birth up to 30 days) and adult rats (more than 8 weeks) were characterized using immunocytochemical methods. All types of hormone-producing cells were present at day 18 postconception, although only 20% of the cells were immunolabelled. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting cells accounted for the highest number of hormone-positive cells. Growth hormone-secreting cells increased remarkably from day 18 postconception onwards. Prolactin-secreting cells were not seen in the foetal adenohypophysis and did not start to increase until 10 days after birth, whereas by that time the number of ACTH, thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone-secreting cells had stopped increasing. By day 30 after birth, 80–95% of the cells were immunoreactive.     

δ and κ Opiate receptors in primary astroglial cultures from rat cerebral cortex

The effects of , , and receptor-agonists on forskolin stimulated cyclic adenosine-3, 5-monophosphate (cAMP) formation were examined in astroglial enriched primary cultures from the cerebral cortex of newborn rats. Intracellular cAMP accumulation was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Morphine was used as a -receptor agonist, D-Ala-D-Leu-Enkephalin (DADLE) as a -receptor agonist and dynorphine 1–13 (Dyn) as a -receptor agonist. Basal cAMP levels were unaffected by either the opiate agonists or the antagonists used. In the presence of the cAMP stimulator forskolin, morphine had no significant effect on the cytoplasmic cAMP levels. DADLE caused a dose related inhibition of the forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. The effects of this receptor stimulation was blocked with the selective antagonist ICI 174.864. In the presence of Dyn, the forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation was inhibited in a dose related manner. This receptor stimulation was blocked with the selective antagonist MR 2266. Co-administration of DADLE and Dyn resulted in a non additive inhibition of the forskolin stimulated accumulation of cAMP. These findings indicate that astroglial enriched cultures from the cerebral cortex of rats express and -receptors co-localized ont he same population of cells, and that these receptors are inhibitory coupled to adenylate cyclase.     

Plant regeneration by organogenesis in Vitis rootstock species

A procedure for the regeneration of Vitis rootstocks plantlets by organogenesis from foliar tissues is described. Leaves from mature plants grown in growth chambers or from plantlets grown in tubes were wounded with a scalpel and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog liquid medium containing different concentrations of benzyl-aminopurine. The presence of benzyl-aminopurine is required for shoot formation. The age of the source explant, the composition of the culture medium and the culture temperature are important parameters of the regeneration process.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyl-aminopurine - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - MM modified Murashige and Skoog medium     

Cytoskeletons of retinal pigment epithelial cells: Interspecies differences of expression patterns indicate independence of cell function from the specific complement of cytoskeletal proteins

Summary In vertebrate tissue development a given cell differentiation pathway is usually associated with a pattern of expression of a specific set of cytoskeletal proteins, including different intermediate filament (IF) and junctional proteins, which is identical in diverse species. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a layer of polar cells that have very similar morphological features and practically identical functions in different vertebrate species. However, in biochemical and immunolocalization studies of the cytoskeletal proteins of these cells we have noted remarkable interspecies differences. While chicken RPE cells contain only IFs of the vimentin type and do not possess desmosomes and desmosomal proteins RPE cells of diverse amphibian (Rana ridibunda, Xenopus laevis) and mammalian (rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, human) species express cytokeratins 8 and 18 either as their sole IF proteins, or together with vimentin IFs as in guinea pig and a certain subpopulation of bovine RPE cells. Plakoglobin, a plaque protein common to desmosomes and the zonula adhaerens exists in RPE cells of all species, whereas desmoplakin and desmoglein have been identified only in RPE desmosomes of frogs and cows, including bovine RPE cell cultures in which cytokeratins have disappeared and vimentin IFs are the only IFs present. These challenging findings show that neither cytokeratin IFs nor desmosomes are necessary for the establishment and function of a polar epithelial cell layer and that the same basic cellular architecture can be achieved by different programs of expression of cytoskeletal proteins. The differences in the composition of the RPE cytoskeleton further indicate that, at least in this tissue, a specific program of expression of IF and desmosomal proteins is not related to the functions of the RPE cell, which are very similar in the various species.     

Zur Morphologie und Systematik desTrebouxia-Phycobionten im Thallus vonUsnea longissima (Lecanorales)

In the lichen genusUsnea different species ofTrebouxia-phycobionts as well as different haustorial types are known. The isolated and cultivated phycobiont ofUsnea longissima Ach. was studied by light- and electron microscopy and resembles in cytomorphological details the type ofTrebouxia impressa Ahmad. In addition to simple wall-to-wall contacts between the symbiotic components also intraparietal (=intrawall-)haustoria could be observed as the normal interaction type.

Frau Prof. Dr.Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess zu ihrem 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Phenetic relationships inClerodendrum (Verbenaceae) and some phylogenetic considerations

Cluster analyses by different methods and a minimum spanning tree were used to study phenetic relationships in the genusChlerodendrum. 129 species were scored for 52 morphological characters corresponding to 119 character states. The phenetic results suggest a classification into 7 distinct groups, which may be grouped into two subgenera. This classification is supported by the iridoid distribution as well as by some phylogenetic considerations.