全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1837篇 |
免费 | 133篇 |
专业分类
1970篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 35篇 |
2021年 | 66篇 |
2020年 | 45篇 |
2019年 | 64篇 |
2018年 | 75篇 |
2017年 | 75篇 |
2016年 | 98篇 |
2015年 | 103篇 |
2014年 | 120篇 |
2013年 | 138篇 |
2012年 | 136篇 |
2011年 | 128篇 |
2010年 | 90篇 |
2009年 | 66篇 |
2008年 | 105篇 |
2007年 | 94篇 |
2006年 | 82篇 |
2005年 | 58篇 |
2004年 | 50篇 |
2003年 | 42篇 |
2002年 | 40篇 |
2001年 | 32篇 |
2000年 | 20篇 |
1999年 | 25篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 8篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1970条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
71.
Clarice Diniz Alvarenga Vanessa Dias Charles Stuhl John Sivinski 《Journal of Insect Behavior》2016,29(1):25-36
Mass-rearing of fruit fly parasitoids for augmentative release would be more economical if production could be biased towards females. If sex ratios are ever to be manipulated under rearing conditions it is important to determine if, then understand why, sex ratio flexibility exists. Unequal brood-sex ratios are common in parasitic Hymenoptera and two reasons are generally advanced for such cases: 1) avoidance of Local Mate Competition (LMC) predicts that the number of females exploiting a host-patch can influence the optimal sex ratio of their offspring; and 2) one sex is more likely to develop under a particular set of physical/competitive conditions. We hypothesized that LMC is more often encountered in relatively uncommon species with coarse-grained distributions. As a result, isolated females of such species would be more likely to expect future LMC to be high and to bias offspring sex ratios towards females. We proposed that the opiine braconid Utetes anastrephae is such a coarse-grained species and compared its responses to differences to LMC (isolated females and those paired with a conspecific competitor) with those of another opiine, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata believed to have a finer-grained distribution. Adult sex ratios were mutable in D. longicaudata and U. anastrephae and, as predicted by avoidance of LMC, males were relatively more abundant among the paired females in both species. However, superparasitized hosts yielded relatively more daughters, perhaps because female larvae are superior intrinsic competitors. Contrary to prediction, there was no suggestion that U. anastrephae was more likely to than D. longicaudata to avoid LMC. While these results did not reveal any species differences in sex-allocation patterns or suggest any modifications to the present practice of fruit fly mass-rearing for augmentative release they did provide new information regarding U. anastrephae, a widespread natural enemy of Anastrepha spp. about which relatively little is known. 相似文献
72.
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) participate in revascularization and angiogenesis. EPC can be cultured in vitro from mononuclear cells of peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow; they also can be transdifferentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). We isolated EPCs from Wharton's jelly (WJ) using two methods. The first method was by obtaining MSC from WJ and characterizing them by flow cytometry and their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, then applying endothelial growth differentiating media. The second method was by direct culture of cells derived from WJ into endothelial differentiating media. EPCs were characterized by morphology, Dil-LDL uptake/UEA-1 immunostaining and testing the expression of endothelial markers by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. We found that MSC derived from WJ differentiated into endothelial-like cells using simple culture conditions with endothelium induction agents in the medium. 相似文献
73.
Beauty before age: landscape factors influence bird functional diversity in naturally regenerating fragments,but regeneration age does not
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Restoration Ecology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Davi F. C. Dias Milton C. Ribeiro Yan T. Felber Ana L. P. Cintra Natália S. de Souza Érica Hasui 《Restoration Ecology》2016,24(2):259-270
Effective ecological restoration actions should be able to recover ecosystem processes that influence community development in the long term. However, there is scarce information on how landscape factors promote or accelerate fauna recovery. We used a landscape framework to evaluate how functional groups respond to natural regeneration in a highly fragmented region of Atlantic Forest. Using bird functional groups sampled in 15 regenerating forest fragments, we built and ranked models using a model selection approach to test the relative effect of landscape variables on each group. Our results showed that bird community recovery is not determined by the duration of the regeneration process (i.e. forest age), but by how the species responds to the landscape context. Functional diversity and the abundance of the functional groups were mainly related to composition metrics, whereas the functional metric affected only specific groups. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the landscape level to ensure both the colonization of fauna and the restoration of ecological functions. 相似文献
74.
Thiago Doria Barral Ricardo Barros Mariutti Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni Anderson Jesus Santos Dan Loureiro Ana Rita Sokolonski Vasco Azevedo Sibele Borsuk Roberto Meyer Ricardo Dias Portela 《Microbial biotechnology》2019,12(6):1313-1323
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a small ruminant disease characterized by the development of granulomatous lesions in superficial and internal lymph nodes, as well as in some organs, and causes significant economic losses worldwide. The aetiological agent of CLA is the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis; however, the commercially available diagnostic tools present problems with regard to specificity, which can lead to false-negative results. This study aimed to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of specific immunoglobulins in goats and sheep using recombinant C. pseudotuberculosis PLD, CP40, PknG, DtxR and Grx proteins. For validation of the ELISAs, 130 goat serum samples and 160 sheep serum samples were used. The best ELISA for goats was developed using a combination of PLD and CP40 as antigens at a 1:1 ratio, which presented 96.9% sensitivity and 98.4% specificity. The most effective ELISA for sheep presented 91% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity when recombinant PLD alone was used as the antigen. These ELISAs can be used as highly accurate tools in epidemiological surveys and for the serodiagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis infection in goats and sheep. 相似文献
75.
Caio Loureiro Salgado Emmanoel Loss Dias Lorenzzo Lyrio Stringari Luciana Polaco Covre Reynaldo Dietze Fausto Edmundo Lima Pereira Herbet Leonel de Matos Guedes Bartira Rossi-Bergmann Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes 《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2019,21(7):328-335
The use of adjuvants in vaccine formulations is a well-established practice to improve immunogenicity and protective immunity against diseases. Previously, we have demonstrated the feasibility of intranasal vaccination with the antigen of killed Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes (LaAg) against experimental leishmaniasis. In this work, we sought to optimize the immunogenic effect and protective immunity against murine visceral leishmaniasis conferred by intranasal delivery of LaAg in combination with a synthetic TLR1/TLR2 agonist (Pam3CSK4). Intranasal vaccination with LaAg/PAM did not show toxicity or adverse effects, induced the increase of delayed-type hypersensitivity response and the production of inflammatory cytokines after parasite antigen recall. However, mice vaccinated with LaAg/PAM and challenged with Leishmania infantum presented significant reduction of parasite burden in both liver and spleen, similar to those vaccinated with LaAg. Although LaAg/PAM intranasal vaccination had induced higher frequencies of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased levels of IgG2a antibody isotype in serum, both LaAg and LaAg/PAM groups presented similar levels of IL-4 and IFN-y and decreased production of IL-10 when compared to controls. Our results provide the first evidence of the feasibility of intranasal immunization with antigens of killed Leishmania in association with a TLR agonist, which may be explored for developing an effective and alternative strategy for vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis. 相似文献
76.
Marcelo Bighetti Toniollo Ligia Jaqueline Pereira Vieira Mikaelly dos Santos Sá Ana Paula Macedo Jair Pereira de Melo Jr Andrea Sayuri Silveira Dias Terada 《Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering》2019,22(7):706-712
In implantology, when financial or biological feasibility limitations appear, it is necessary to use prostheses with geometries that deviate from the conventional, with a pontic in the absence of an intermediate implant. The aim of this study was analyze and understand the general differences in the stresses generated in implants, components and infrastructures according to the configuration of the prosthesis over three or two implants. Thus, this paper analyzes the von Mises equivalent stresses (VMES) of ductile materials on their external surfaces. The experimental groups: Regular Splinted Conventional Group (RCG), which had conventional infrastructures on 3 regular-length Morse taper implants (4x11?mm); Regular Splinted Pontic Group (RPG), which had infrastructures with intermediate pontics on 2 regular-length Morse taper implants (4x11?mm). The simulations of the groups were created with Ansys Workbench 10.0 software. The results revealed that the RPG presented greater areas of possible fragility due to higher stress concentrations, for example, in the cervical area of the union between the implant and component the top platform of the abutment, as well as greater coverage of the stress by the cervical implant threads. The RPG infrastructure was also more affected by stresses in the connection areas between the prostheses and on the occlusal surface. There is an advantage to using prostheses supported by a greater number of implants (RCG) because this decreases the stress in the analyzed structures and consequently improves stress dissipation to the supporting bone, which would preserve the system. 相似文献
77.
Mafalda Dias Gomes Rayisa P. Moiseyenko Andreas Baum Thomas M. Jørgensen John M. Woodley 《Biotechnology progress》2019,35(6):e2878
Efficient regeneration of NAD(P)+ cofactors is essential for large-scale application of alcohol dehydrogenases due to the high cost and chemical instability of these cofactors. NAD(P)+ can be regenerated effectively using NAD(P)H oxidases (NOXs) that require molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate. In large-scale biocatalytic processes, agitation and aeration are needed for sufficient oxygen transfer into the liquid phase, both of which have been shown to significantly increase the rate of enzyme deactivation. As such, the aim of this study was to identify the existence of a correlation between enzyme stability and gas–liquid interfacial area inside the bioreactor. This was done by measuring gas–liquid interfacial areas inside an aerated stirred reactor, using an in situ optical probe, and simultaneously measuring the kinetic stability of NOXs. Following enzyme incubation at various power inputs and gas-phase compositions, the residual activity was assessed and video samples were analyzed through an image processing algorithm. Enzyme deactivation was found to be proportional to an increase in interfacial area up to a certain limit, where power input appears to have a higher impact. Furthermore, the presence of oxygen increased enzyme deactivation rates at low interfacial areas. The areas were validated with defined glass beads and found to be in the range of those in large-scale bioreactors. Finally, a correlation between the enzyme half-life and specific interfacial area was obtained. Therefore, we conclude that the method developed in this contribution can help to predict the behavior of biocatalyst stability under industrially relevant conditions, concerning specific gas–liquid interfacial areas. 相似文献
78.
79.
80.
de Jesus Santana Mayla Barbosa-Júnior Sebastião Martins Dias Lana Laene Lima Silva Lázara Aline Simões da Silva Givanildo Zildo Fortini Evandro Alexandre Batista Diego Silva Otoni Wagner Campos da Costa Netto Antônio Paulino Rocha Diego Ismael 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2022,58(6):865-875
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant - The aim of this study was to establish a system of in vitro germination and propagation of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. microcuttings (Malvaceae).... 相似文献