Revision and affinities ofGalium (Rubiaceae) in Madagascar

The only representatives ofRubiaceae-Rubieae in Madagascar are five species ofGalium. G. thunbergianum andG. chloroionanthum are essentially afromontane species, ± widely distributed in both the African mainland and Madagascar. The new speciesG. andringitrense andG. ankaratrense are endemic to Madagascar but show close affinities to two afromontane—afroalpine groups from the African mainland, theG. simense—G. ruwenzoriense andG. glaciale complex respectively.G. polyacanthum (new combination) exhibits certain primitive morphological traits and appears to be an old Madagascan endemic without close allies. New chromosome counts for populations from the African mainland demonstrate thatG. chloroionanthum andG. simense are 4x (x=11). Distribution patterns and origins of theGalium species in Madagascar and their relationships with African taxa are discussed.     

The effect of sterols and haemin on the growth of the rumen ciliate Ophryoscolex caudatus and some other Entodiniomorphid protozoa

Seven isolates of Ophryoscolex caudatus have been cultured anaerobically in vitro (at a population density of 56/ml) for an average of 18 months each in the presence of bacteria on a reduced buffered salts medium containing prepared fresh rumen fluid with the daily addition of ground wheat and dried grass and with twice weekly dilution of the culture with an equal volume of fresh medium. The ground wheat and dried grass could be replaced by ground wheat coated with β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol or α-spinasterol and with β-sitosterol the population density increased to 110/ml. Haemin further increased the population density obtained in the presence of sterol by 9–160%. The population density of cultures of Epidinium ecaudatum caudatum was also increased by sterols and haemin, that of Polyplastron multivesiculatum by sterols only, and some sterols and haemin, under certain conditions, increased that of Entodinium caudatum.     

Identification of the protein products of the rrnC, ilv, rho region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome

Summary Two methods have been used to identify the protein products of the Escherichia coli K-12 ilv region at 84 min and the flanking rrnC (counterclockwise) and rho (clockwise) loci. First, a set of dilv specialized transducing phages, including some phages that carry rho and others that carry part of rrnC, was used to infect UV irradiated cells. The proteins produced by the infecting dilv phage were selectively labelled with radioactive amino acids and identified by SDS gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Second, restriction enzyme fragments were cloned from the dilv phage into pBR322 and the plasmid specific gene products produced in maxicells were similarly identified by SDS gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The proteins produced were correlated with specific genes and restriction enzyme fragments present in the dilv phage and the pBR322 derivatives. Several ilv gene products that have previously been refractory to protein purification attempts have been identified for the first time by this technique. The presence of mutations at the ilvO site is shown to activate the cryptic ilvG gene and to result in the production of a 62,000 dalton protein. A 15,000 dalton protein of unknown function is synthesized from a DNA segment between ilv and rrnC. The rho gene was cloned from dilv phage into pBR322 and shown to be dominant to a rho mutation on the host cromosome. The rho gene product and four additional proteins coded by genes near or between rho and ilv have been detected.     

The maternal behavior of a home-reared,language using chimpanzee

The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate general maternal behavior and (2) to determine if the presence of a human observer altered the maternal behavior of the home-reared, language using chimpanzee towards an adopted infant. The results showed that the subject,Washoe, was responsive to the behavior of the infant and was an adequate care-giver. However, the style of care-giving behavior was substantially altered by the presence of a human observer. Support for the research reported and preparation of this paper was provided by the National Science Foundation (BNS77-23842).     

Avian Retroviruses That Cause Carcinoma and Leukemia: Identification of Nucleotide Sequences Associated with Pathogenicity

Avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29V) is a retrovirus that transforms both fibroblasts and macrophages in culture and induces myelocytomatosis, carcinomas, and sarcomas in birds. Previous work identified a sequence of about 1,500 nucleotides (here denoted onc_MCV) that apparently derived from a normal cellular sequence and that may encode the oncogenic capacity of MC29V. In an effort to further implicate onc_MCV in tumorigenesis, we used molecular hybridization to examine the distribution of nucleotide sequences related to onc_MCV among the genomes of various avian retroviruses. In addition, we characterized further the genetic composition of the remainder of the MC29V genome. Our work exploited the availability of radioactive DNAs (cDNA's) complementary to onc_MCV (cDNA_MCV) or to specific portions of the genome of avian sarcoma virus (ASV). We showed that genomic RNAs of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) could not hybridize appreciably with cDNA_MCV. By contrast, cDNA_MCV hybridized extensively (about 75%) and with essentially complete fidelity to the genome of Mill Hill 2 virus (MH2V), whose pathogenicity is very similar to that of MC29V, but different from that of AEV or AMV. Hybridization with the ASV cDNA's demonstrated that the MC29V genome includes about half of the ASV envelope protein gene and that the remainder of the MC29V genome is closely related to nucleotide sequences that are shared among the genomes of many avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses. We conclude that onc_MCV probably specifies the unique set of pathogenicities displayed by MC29V and MH2V, whereas the oncogenic potentials of AEV and AMV are presumably encoded by a distinct nucleotide sequence unrelated to onc_MCV. The genomes of ASV, MC29V, and other avian oncoviruses thus share a set of common sequences, but apparently owe their various oncogenic potentials to unrelated transforming genes.     

RNA levels in colchicine-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

A colchicine-resistant mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi (col⁻_{10, 12}) which appears blocked in the final stages of the cell division cycle is shown to have an RNA: protein ratio over four times that which is observed in wild-type cultures. This does not appear to be simply a consequence of reduced overall growth rate, because a comparable reduction in the overall growth rate of wild type by caffeine inhibition did not produce such a large rise in RNA content. The RNA levels in six other colchicine-resistant mutants, which have various abnormalities in colchicine-binding activity, has also been investigated. Two of them have elevated RNA levels.     

A case of D13 ring chromosome

Summary A case of D ring chromosome identified with trypsin banding as a 13 with loss of the bands p12 and q34 is reported. The clinical features characteristically associated with the loss of these specific segments were present.     

Differential scanning calorimetry of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine analogues and of their interaction products with basic polypeptides

The thermotropic behaviour of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine analogues with a varying number (n) of CH₂ groups between the phosphate and the quaternary ammonium has been investigated. The temperature (T_m) and the enthalphy (ΔH) of the phase transition are non-monotonous functions of the number of CH₂ groups. T_m oscillates between 40 and 45°C and ΔH between 7 and 13 kcal/mol for a variation of n between 2 and 11.It is concluded that the hydrocarbon chains in the head groups do not penetrate the hydrocarbon region and do not contribute directly to the melting of the acyl chains. It is suggested that their length may affect the critical ballance between the attractive and the repulsive forces within the bidimensional lattice of the head groups.Copolypeptides of lysine with phenylalanine do not appreciably affect the T_m but have a pronounced effect on ΔH of the lipid phase transition, which depends strongly on the ratio of the two amino acids in the polypeptide. The effect of copolypeptide of any defined composition on ΔH is also a non-monotonous function of the number of CH₂ groups in the phosphatidylcholine head group, but it does not parallel completely the oscilations in the T_m and ΔH of the pure lipids.     

Extinction of differentiated glial functions in somatic cell hybrids is incomplete

Rat glioma cells of clone C₆ were hybridized in vitro with mouse L cells of clone A9 or with freshly isolated mouse macrophages, and the hybrids were assayed for glial cell functions. C₆ cells expressed high levels of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP; EC 3.1.4.37), β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH; EC 1.1.1.30), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH; EC 1.1.1.8), and inducibility of GPDH by hydrocortisone (HC). A9 cells and macrophages had very low activities of these functions. Hybrids between C₆ and A9 or between C₆ and macrophages had greatly reduced activities of these functions, but the hybrids expressed significantly higher activities than the non-glial parent. This incomplete extinction was not due to fusion of two glioma cells with one L cell or macrophage. The difference in GPDH activity in the hybrids as compared with the non-glial parent was due to incomplete shut-off of GPDH of the glial parent, and not to an increase in GPDH production by the non-glial genome.     

Variance Component Analysis of Allozyme Frequency Data from Eastern Populations of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Gene frequency variation at eight polymorphic allozyme loci in Drosophila melanogaster populations in North Carollina and the east coast of the United States were analyzed utilizing the variance component estimation procedures suggested by Cockerham (1969, 1973). These variance components were used to estimate correlations of genes within small geographic regions. The average (over loci) correlation between genes in the same individual within subpopulations was estimated to be 0.033. That between genes in the same subpopulation in different individuals was estimated to be very small, although significantly different from zero. The macrogeographic variation measured by the correlation of genes sampled from the same local region was large for some loci and smaller for others. this variation was also analyzed by correlation with latitude and longitude. Several previously recognized clines were identified as were several new clines.--These results were interpreted as indicating either some degree of nonrandom mating and local breeding unit isolation or a low frequency of null alleles. The geographic and temporal variation has no simple interpretation.