Homologous recombination in prokaryotes: enzymes and controlling sites

A common step in prokaryotic recombination appears to be the synapsis of the 3'-end of single-stranded DNA with duplex DNA to form a D-loop. The enzymatic mechanisms by which 3'-ends are produced and by which D-loops are converted into recombinant molecules are illustrated by proposed mechanisms of recombination by the Escherichia coli RecBCD pathway and the phage lambda Red pathway. The enzymes promoting recombination and the special DNA sites at which they act are emphasized. Recombination by other E. coli pathways and in other prokaryotes is compared with these mechanisms.     

N.m.r. studies of metabolism in perfused organs

Several metabolites and intracellular pH in intact organs can be studied in a non-destructive manner by phorphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P n.m.r.). This possibility was demonstrated by us nearly five years ago. Since then we have developed the appropriate physiological techniques and improved the n.m.r. method for the study of animal hearts and kidneys. Here we described measurements aimed at clarifying three problesm. (1) Having measured the enzyme-catalysed fluxes between phosphocreatine and ATP by the method of saturation transfer n.m.r., we examine the relations between energy supply and heart rate in the isolated perfused rat heart. (2) We describe experiments to establish the validity of the perfusion model. For the first time, we report 31P n.m.r. measurements of an in vivo rat heart and compare the results with those obtained for the perfused rat heart. (3) Ischaemia and metabolism in rabbit kidneys is investigated to establish the relation between functional and metabolic recovery after a renal transplant operation.