One-dimensional numerical simulation of primary production: Lagrangian and Eulerian formulations

It has been argued (Wolf and Woods, in Toward a Theory On Biological-PhysicalInteractions in the World Ocean, Rothschild, (ed.), 1988) (WW88)that phytoplankton growth models are sensitive to Lagrangianeffects because populations at a given depth and time containa wide distribution of photoadaptive properties. On the otherhand, Lande and Lewis (Deep-Sea Research. 36. 1161–1175.1989) (LL89) have claimed that for a different photosyntheticmodel, this distribution of properties can be adequately representedby a mean value in a much simpler and more efficient Eulerianformulation. This study compares Lagrangian and Eulerian integrationsof these two different models of photosynthesis under two mixingregimes. For relatively weak mixing, the growth rate predictedby the different formulations of the two models is small (     

Deterministic Three-Half-Order Kinetic Model for Microbial Degradation of Added Carbon Substrates in Soil

The kinetics of mineralization of carbonaceous substrates has been explained by a deterministic model which is applicable to either growth or nongrowth conditions in soil. The mixed-order nature of the model does not require a priori decisions about reaction order, discontinuity period of lag or stationary phase, or correction for endogenous mineralization rates. The integrated equation is simpler than the integrated form of the Monod equation because of the following: (i) only two, rather than four, interdependent constants have to be determined by nonlinear regression analysis, (ii) substrate or product formation can be expressed explicitly as a function of time, (iii) biomass concentration does not have to be known, and (iv) the required initial estimate for the nonlinear regression analysis can be easily obtained from a linearized form rather than from an interval estimate of a differential equation. ¹⁴CO₂ evolution data from soil have been fitted to the model equation. All data except those from irradiated soil gave better fits by residual sum of squares (RSS) by assuming growth in soil was linear (RSS = 0.71) as opposed to exponential (RSS = 2.87). The underlying reasons for growth (exponential versus linear), no growth, and relative degradation rates of substrates are consistent with the basic mechanisms from which the model is derived.     

Protease-nexin: A cellular component that links thrombin and plasminogen activator and mediates their binding to cells

This report identifies a component of normal human fibroblasts that forms a covalent linkage with thrombin and urokinase (urinary plasminogen activator) and mediates most of the specific cellular binding of these proteases. This component, here named protease-nexin (PN), is both associated with the cell surface and released into the culture medium. In several ways PN resembles antithrombin III (AT3), a prominent inhibitor of thrombin in serum: PN links thrombin, probably via an ester bond; PN does not link thrombin blocked at its catalytic site serine; PN has a high-affinity heparin-binding site; and heparin greatly accelerates the rate of linkage between soluble PN and thrombin. Despite these similarities, PN and AT3 are distinct; they differ in size and are not immunologically cross-reactive. Whereas AT3 regulates the proteolytic activity of thrombin in serum, PN may regulate the activity of serine proteases at and near the cell surface.     

Prostaglandin E1 effects on resting and cholinergically stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in cats

Intraluminal esophageal manometry with a sleeve catheter was used to compare the magnitude of decrease in lower esophageal spincter (LES) pressure produced by an arterial or venous infusion of prostaglandin E₁ in cats. Arterial PGE₁ produced significantly lower LES pressures than venous PGE₁ (p < 0.05). Maximal decrease of 75% in basal LES pressure occurred with an associated 15% decrease in systolic blood pressure. The site of action of PGE₁ in producing LES hypotension was studied by injection of either edrophonium, or bethanechol during the maximal PGE₁ effects. Bethanechol, which acts directly on sphincteric smooth muscle, produced an increase in LES pressure during both saline and PGE₁ infusion, while the increases in LES pressure seen with edrophonium during saline infusion were blocked during the PGE₁ infusion. From these studies, we conclude that PGE₁ produces LES hypotension in the cat by an inhibitory effect on the cholinergic pathway responsible for maintaining LES tone. These studies pharmacologically reproduce the LES pressure abnormality previously reported in the cat during acid-induced esophagitis and support the hypothesis that PGE₁ may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute acid-induced lower esophageal sphincter abnormalities.     

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF HAPLOPAPPUS AND RELATED GENERA (COMPOSITAE—ASTEREAE)

Pollen grains of Haplopappus and related genera in the subtribe Solidaginae from North and South America were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The grains are consistently tricolporate and echinate. Some genera can be distinguished by pollen size, spine length, and number of spine rows between colpi. Based on these characters, the divergence of Benitoa from other members of the subtribe, as indicated by its morphology and secondary chemistry, is supported. Additionally, the recently suggested absence of a close relationship between Pyrrocoma and Oonopsis is indicated by their contrasting pollen types. This study demonstrates the potential of pollen studies in distinguishing some taxonomic groups in the Astereae.     

Primary in vitro antibody response of rabbit lymphoid cells and T-B cell collaboration in the absence of detectable mitogens

To investigate whether the antibody response and T-B-cell collaboration in vitro can be obtained in the absence of mitogens, a method of obtaining an in vitro primary anti-sheep red blood cell antibody response by rabbit spleen and lymph node cells was developed. We used Marbrook culture vessels and a specially prepared medium containing 10% autologous serum and maintained at pH 7.4–7.6. The system was shown to be devoid of any polyclonal mitogens as assessed by [³H]thymidine incorporation and by direct examination for blast cells in stained smears. The primary response increased continuously over the 5-day cultivation period and only IgM but not IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) were detected. In over 20 experiments, the response ranged from 357 ± 17 to 4425 ± 110 PFC/10⁷ cultured cells with a median stimulation index of 52. The spleen cells required less antigen than the lymph node cells and 2-mercaptoethanol inhibited the response of the spleen cells but not that of the lymph node cells. Lymphocytes were separated into highly pure T- and B-cell populations by negative selection using antibody-coated human erythrocytes to rosette either T or B cells and Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation to remove rosetted cells. Upon cultivation, B cells alone gave a low IgM response, whereas B cells reconstituted with T cells gave a response similar to that obtained with unseparated lymphoid cells. We concluded that: (a) optimal conditions for obtaining primary in vitro antibody responses using rabbit spleen and lymph node cells were established, (b) T-B-cell collaboration was demonstrated in the rabbit primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, and (c) the primary antibody response in vitro and T-B-cell collaboration may occur in the absence of detectable polyclonal mitogens.     

Lectin binding in skeletal muscle. Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin staining procedures

Summary Cryostat sections from rat gracilis muscles were incubated with different biotinylated lectins: Con A (Concanavilin A), WGA (Wheat germ agglutinin), SBA (soybean agglutinin), GS I and GS II (Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin), LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), PNA (peanut agglutinin) and PSA (Pisum sativum agglutinin). The sections were subsequently treated with alkaline phosphatase conjugated avidin. The lectin binding sites were visualized after incubation in substrate media containing: (1) 5-bromo-4-chloro indoxyl phosphate and Nitro Blue tetrazolium or copper sulphate; (2) naphthol AS-MX phosphate or naphthol AS-BI phosphate and various types of diazonium salts; (3) -naphthylphosphate and Fast Blue BB; (4) -glycerophosphate according to the method of Gomori. The results obtained with the alkaline phosphatase methods were compared with those seen with a streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase procedure. Several chromogen protocols for visualizing alkaline phosphatase activity showed differences in the ability to detect lectin binding sites. A sarcoplasmic reaction was evident for Con A, GS II, WGA, LCA, and PSA after incubation in the indoxyl phosphate medium. Sarcoplasmic reaction for GS II was also noticed after incubation with naphthol AS-MX Fast Blue BB and -glycerophosphate. The latter substrate also gave rise to a sarcoplasmic Con A reaction. With the indoxylphosphate tetrazolium salt method some muscle fibres showed a very strong intracellular reaction after incubation with Con A and GS II while the staining intensity was weak in other fibres. The same muscle fibres were stained with PAS. No sarcoplasmic reactions were observed with either naphthol phosphate media or with the diaminobenzidine peroxidase methods. Further, the staining of the muscle fibre periphery, connective tissue, and capillaries was intensified using the indoxyl method. The indoxylphosphate-tetrazolium salt method seems to be suitable for future investigations of lectin binding sites in muscle sections.     

The lysis of Gram-negative Alcaligenes eutrophus by enzymes from Cytophaga

Summary The use of Cytophaga lysing enzymes was investigated for the liberation of poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules from the Gram-negative bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus. Complete cell lysis was approached within a 60 minute period. Contrary to previous findings for the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, prior removal of the outer membrane was not essential for enzymic lysis. The destabilisation of the outer membrane by the removal of divalent cations resulted in no significant improvement in the disruption process.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN SOUTH AMERICAN HAPLOPAPPUS CASS. (COMPOSITAE)

Chromosome counts are reported for 33 species from all four sections of the genus Haplopappus in South America. These include first reports for 28 species and two putative hybrids. All chromosome numbers reported herein are 2n = 5_II, with the exception of H. prunelloides with 2_n = 6_II. Unlike the North American species, the morphological diversity of South American taxa is not concomitant with chromosomal variation.     

Detection of microgram quantities of carrier ampholytes in electrofocused proteins by thin-layer chromatography

A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of carrier ampholyte contamination in electrofocused proteins is described. Samples containing proteins and carrier ampholytes were applied to cellulose thin-layer chromatographic sheets and developed in 10% trichloroacetic acid. Proteins and large-molecular-weight carrier ampholytes were precipitated at the origin while 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble carrier ampholytes migrated as a diffuse ninhydrin (nitrogen)-positive area at an R_f greater than 0.50. We found that 1.25 μg of carrier ampholytes contained enough 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble components to be detected by thinlayer chromatography. Using this assay, we investigated techniques designed to remove carrier ampholytes from an electrofocused protein. Removal of large-molecular-weight components from carrier ampholytes by dialysis through a 3500 M_r cutoff membrane did not facilitate separation of carrier ampholytes from streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C by dialysis or gel chromatography. Also, this protein binds irreversibly to mixed-bed ion-exchange resin. The best method for separating carrier ampholytes from streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C was by electrodialysis at pH 4.0. Following electrodialysis, estimated carrier ampholyte contamination in this protein was less than 1 part in 500 parts (by weight).