缟蝇科昆虫生物学和地理分布分析

本文概述了缟蝇科昆虫的生活史、食性、访花习性、栖居环境等生物学特性,并对缟蝇科属、种的地理分布进行了分析。缟蝇科在世界动物地理区的分布统计结果表明,同脉缟蝇亚科为亚世界性分布,其属级阶元在东洋界丰富度最高,其次为澳洲界;其种级阶元在东洋界最为丰富,其次为澳洲界。缟蝇亚科为世界性分布,其属级阶元在新热带界丰富度最高,并且高度特化,其次是东洋界和澳洲界;其种级阶元在新热带界最为丰富,其次为古北界和澳洲界。缟蝇科在中国动物地理区和亚区的分布统计结果显示,其属、种级阶元在华南区最为丰富;同脉缟蝇亚科的种级阶元以海南岛亚区最为丰富,其次为台湾亚区;缟蝇亚科的种级阶元在台湾亚区最为丰富,西部山地高原亚区次之。     

Serine proteinase from the higher basidiomycetes of Coprinus genus

A thiol-dependent serine proteinase has been isolated for the first time from a higher basidiomycete Coprinus 7N culture filtrate by affinity chromatography on bacitracin-Sepharose combined with ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose. This procedure resulted in a homogeneous enzyme with 32-fold purification and 55% yield. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 33,000 Da and pI of 8.5; its amino acid composition appears as follows: Lys7, His7, Arg10, Asx29, Thr24, Ser30, Glx19, Pro13, Gly39, Ala40, Cys2-3, Val23, Met1-2, Ile14, Leu13, Tyr6, Phe7. The enzyme shows the optimal activity towards Z-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA at 8.5 and is stable at pH 6-9. The temperature optimum of the enzyme activity lies at 37 degrees C. The proteinase is completely inactivated by the specific inhibitors of serine proteinases, diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, as well as by the SH-group reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate. The Coprinus 7N proteinase hydrolyzes, azocasein, azoalbumin, hemoglobin, fibrin and synthetic chromogenic peptide substrates, e. g., Z-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA, Z-Gly-gly-Leu-pNA. Some properties of the Coprinus 7N proteinase are very similar to those of thiol-dependent serine proteinases from bacilli, actinomycetes, fungi and plants which form a subfamily of thiol-dependent serine proteinases within the family of subtilisins.     

一株石油降解菌培养基的优化

目的：有效降低石油降解菌株CT-6在工业生产中的培养成本,提高培养速度。方法：利用Minitab软件,采用中心组合设计、响应面分析,以葡萄糖、蔗糖、可溶性淀粉为碳源,以硝酸铵、尿素、氯化铵为氮源,对高效降解石油菌株CT-6的培养基进行了优化。结果：当碳源葡萄糖为5.6818g/L、氮源氯化铵为3.8030g/L时,菌株CT-6培养17h,OD600达到0.615。结论：优化前后,菌体CT-6的OD600分别为0.289和0.615,提高了112.8%,说明该培养基更有利于菌株CT-6的生长。     

Lead-phase and red-stripe color morphs of red-backed salamanders Plethodon cinereus differ in hematological stress indices: A consequence of differential predation pressure?

Throughout the animal kingdom there are species that have two or more phenotypic forms or 'morphs', and many of these are amphibians. In North America, the red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus can have either a red dorsal stripe or no dorsal stripe (lead-phase form), and evidence to date indicates the lead-phase form incurs a greater number of attacks from predators. In a recent collection of 51 P. Cinereus, blood smears of both color morphs (35 red-stripe, 16 lead-phase) were examined to obtain numbers of circulating leukocytes (via light microscopy), which can be used to indirectly estimate levels of stress hormones in vertebrates via a 'hematological stress index', which is the ratio between the number of two leukocyte types (neutrophils and lymphoeytes). Our results showed that lead-phase salamanders tended to have greater numbers of circulating neutrophils and lower numbers of circulating iymphocytes than red-stripe morphs, leading to higher average neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios in lead-phase individuals. Since the salamanders were held (refrigerated) for 7 days before sampling, we cannot be certain if this effect is a stress reaction to the captivity or the normal level for this morph. However comparison with two sets of related salamanders that were captured and sampled immediately indicates the red-stripe salamanders were either not stressed from the captivity at all, or their white blood cell distributions had returned to normal after 7 days of captivity. Taken together, our results indicate that lead-phase forms of P. Cinereus have higher stress levels than the red-stripe forms, which may be a consequence of their higher exposure to, and/or attacks from, predators. They may also indicate that the lead-phase form is less-suited to captivity than the red-stripe form of this species.     

Radiation diagnosis for tuberculous gonitis in children

Tuberculous knee joint lesion in children is the most common form of articular pathology. The high sociomedical significance of this disease in modern society is determined by not only its prevalence, but also economic losses caused by high disability rates in children. The purpose of the study was to determine the possibilities and place of a comprehensive radiation study in the diagnosis of tuberculous gonitis in children. Sixty patients aged 10 months to 18 years were examined. Clinical studies were comprehensively assessed, by taking into account the collected history data and orhthopedic and laboratory findings. Surgery was made in 26 children. All the patients underwent mutiprojection X-ray study, knee joint ultrasound study being made in 48 patients. Knee joint X-ray study was performed on Siregraph (Siemens) apparatuses. Real-time ultrasonography was conducted on Aloka SSD-1100 and Aloka--3500+ apparatuses, by employing a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. According to P.G. Kornev (1971), three phases were identified in the course of tuberculous gonitis. These included prearthritic (the development of primary ostitis); arthritic (articular cartilage destruction, followed by the development of secondary arthritis; and postarthritic (sequels of prior tuberculous osteomyelitis) phases. Analysis indicated that the use of the routine X-ray study in combination with ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of tuberculous gonitis in children yielded more adequate information on tissue and knee joint structural changes and made it possible to define further policy treatment and to predict the outcomes of the disease.     

Climate change hastens the turnover of stream fish assemblages

Stream fish are expected to be significantly influenced by climate change, as they are ectothermic animals whose dispersal is limited within hydrographic networks. Nonetheless, they are also controlled by other physical factors that may prevent them moving to new thermally suitable sites. Using presence–absence records in 655 sites widespread throughout nine French river units, we predicted the potential future distribution of 30 common stream fish species facing temperature warming and change in precipitation regime. We also assessed the potential impacts on fish assemblages' structure and diversity. Only cold-water species, whose diversity is very low in French streams, were predicted to experience a strong reduction in the number of suitable sites. In contrast, most cool-water and warm-water fish species were projected to colonize many newly suitable sites. Considering that cold headwater streams are the most numerous on the Earth's surface, our results suggested that headwater species would undergo a deleterious effect of climate change, whereas downstream species would expand their range by migrating to sites located in intermediate streams or upstream. As a result, local species richness was forecasted to increase greatly and high turnover rates indicated future fundamental changes in assemblages' structure. Changes in assemblage composition were also positively related to the intensity of warming. Overall, these results (1) stressed the importance of accounting for both climatic and topographic factors when assessing the future distribution of riverine fish species and (2) may be viewed as a first estimation of climate change impacts on European freshwater fish assemblages.     

Metabolomics reveals herbivore‐induced metabolites of resistance and susceptibility in maize leaves and roots

Plants respond to herbivory by reprogramming their metabolism. Most research in this context has focused on locally induced compounds that function as toxins or feeding deterrents. We developed an ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐TOF‐MS)‐based metabolomics approach to evaluate local and systemic herbivore‐induced changes in maize leaves, sap, roots and root exudates without any prior assumptions about their function. Thirty‐two differentially regulated compounds were identified from Spodoptera littoralis‐infested maize seedlings and isolated for structure assignment by microflow nuclear magnetic resonance (CapNMR). Nine compounds were quantified by a high throughput direct nano‐infusion tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method. Leaf infestation led to a marked local increase of 1,3‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones, phospholipids, N‐hydroxycinnamoyltyramines, azealic acid and tryptophan. Only few changes were found in the root metabolome, but 1,3‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones increased in the vascular sap and root exudates. The role of N‐hydroxycinnamoyltyramines in plant–herbivore interactions is unknown, and we therefore tested the effect of the dominating p‐coumaroyltyramine on S. littoralis. Unexpectedly, p‐coumaroyltyramine was metabolized by the larvae and increased larval growth, possibly by providing additional nitrogen to the insect. Taken together, this study illustrates that herbivore attack leads to the induction of metabolites that can have contrasting effects on herbivore resistance in the leaves and roots.